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epi mod 4 > ch 9 screening > Flashcards

ch 9 screening Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of screening for disease?

A

To identify diseases in asymptomatic individuals early to improve health outcomes.

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2
Q

What are the two types of screening programs?

A

Mass screening and selective screening.

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3
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliability refers to the consistency of a test, while validity refers to the accuracy of a test in measuring what it is intended to measure.

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4
Q

What are the measures for evaluating screening tests?

A

Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).

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5
Q

What is the BRCA gene?

A

Genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) associated with a significantly increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

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6
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule carrying genetic instructions for all living organisms.

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7
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A waxy substance found in blood, with high levels being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

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8
Q

What is a false negative?

A

A test result that incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition when it is actually present.

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9
Q

What is a false positive?

A

A test result that incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition when it is not present.

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10
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Testing individuals for specific genes or genetic conditions to assess disease risk or carrier status.

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11
Q

What is the gold standard in screening?

A

The best available method or test against which other diagnostic or screening tests are evaluated.

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12
Q

What is lead-time bias?

A

An apparent extension of survival time due to earlier disease detection rather than an actual delay in death.

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13
Q

What are the levels of prevention?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

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14
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Preventing the onset of disease (e.g., vaccination, healthy lifestyle promotion).

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15
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Detecting and treating disease early (e.g., screenings, mammograms).

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16
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Managing disease to reduce complications or progression (e.g., rehabilitation).

17
Q

What is a lipoprotein panel?

A

A blood test measuring cholesterol levels, including LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.

18
Q

What is a mammogram?

A

An X-ray of the breast used as a screening tool for early detection of breast cancer.

19
Q

What is mass screening?

A

Screening applied broadly to an entire population, regardless of individual risk.

20
Q

What is the natural history of disease?

A

The progression of a disease in the absence of intervention, from prepathogenesis to recovery or death.

21
Q

What is negative predictive value (NPV)?

A

The likelihood that individuals with a negative test result truly do not have the condition.

22
Q

What is overdiagnosis?

A

Detection of a condition that would not cause symptoms or harm during the patient’s lifetime.

23
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The biological mechanisms leading to disease development and progression.

24
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

A genetic disorder detected through newborn screening requiring dietary management.

25
Q

What is positive predictive value (PPV)?

A

The likelihood that individuals with a positive test result truly have the condition.

26
Q

What is reliability in the context of screening tests?

A

The consistency of a test in producing the same result under similar conditions.

27
Q

What is screening for disease?

A

The process of testing asymptomatic individuals to identify those at risk for or with early stages of disease.

28
Q

What is selective screening?

A

Screening targeted at high-risk groups to increase efficiency and effectiveness.

29
Q

What is sensitivity in screening tests?

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have the disease (true positives).

30
Q

What is specificity in screening tests?

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease (true negatives).

31
Q

What is a true negative?

A

A test result that correctly indicates the absence of a condition.

32
Q

What is a true positive?

A

A test result that correctly indicates the presence of a condition.

33
Q

What is validity in screening tests?

A

The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

34
Q

What are the criteria for effective screening?

A

Condition significance, early detection benefits, and reliable and valid tests.

35
Q

What are the controversies in screening?

A

False positives, false negatives, overdiagnosis, lead-time bias, and length bias.

epi mod 4 (4 decks)

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