ch 9 screening Flashcards
What is the goal of screening for disease?
To identify diseases in asymptomatic individuals early to improve health outcomes.
What are the two types of screening programs?
Mass screening and selective screening.
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability refers to the consistency of a test, while validity refers to the accuracy of a test in measuring what it is intended to measure.
What are the measures for evaluating screening tests?
Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).
What is the BRCA gene?
Genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) associated with a significantly increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule carrying genetic instructions for all living organisms.
What is cholesterol?
A waxy substance found in blood, with high levels being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
What is a false negative?
A test result that incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition when it is actually present.
What is a false positive?
A test result that incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition when it is not present.
What is genetic screening?
Testing individuals for specific genes or genetic conditions to assess disease risk or carrier status.
What is the gold standard in screening?
The best available method or test against which other diagnostic or screening tests are evaluated.
What is lead-time bias?
An apparent extension of survival time due to earlier disease detection rather than an actual delay in death.
What are the levels of prevention?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
What is primary prevention?
Preventing the onset of disease (e.g., vaccination, healthy lifestyle promotion).
What is secondary prevention?
Detecting and treating disease early (e.g., screenings, mammograms).
What is tertiary prevention?
Managing disease to reduce complications or progression (e.g., rehabilitation).
What is a lipoprotein panel?
A blood test measuring cholesterol levels, including LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
What is a mammogram?
An X-ray of the breast used as a screening tool for early detection of breast cancer.
What is mass screening?
Screening applied broadly to an entire population, regardless of individual risk.
What is the natural history of disease?
The progression of a disease in the absence of intervention, from prepathogenesis to recovery or death.
What is negative predictive value (NPV)?
The likelihood that individuals with a negative test result truly do not have the condition.
What is overdiagnosis?
Detection of a condition that would not cause symptoms or harm during the patient’s lifetime.
What is pathogenesis?
The biological mechanisms leading to disease development and progression.
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A genetic disorder detected through newborn screening requiring dietary management.
What is positive predictive value (PPV)?
The likelihood that individuals with a positive test result truly have the condition.
What is reliability in the context of screening tests?
The consistency of a test in producing the same result under similar conditions.
What is screening for disease?
The process of testing asymptomatic individuals to identify those at risk for or with early stages of disease.
What is selective screening?
Screening targeted at high-risk groups to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
What is sensitivity in screening tests?
The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have the disease (true positives).
What is specificity in screening tests?
The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease (true negatives).
What is a true negative?
A test result that correctly indicates the absence of a condition.
What is a true positive?
A test result that correctly indicates the presence of a condition.
What is validity in screening tests?
The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
What are the criteria for effective screening?
Condition significance, early detection benefits, and reliable and valid tests.
What are the controversies in screening?
False positives, false negatives, overdiagnosis, lead-time bias, and length bias.
