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Yr2: Reproduction > Ovarian Function > Flashcards

Ovarian Function Flashcards

1
Q

birth to menopause

how many oocytes at these stages of development?

  • 20 weeks
  • birth
  • puberty
A

20 weeks: 7 million oocytes
Birth: 1-2 million oocytes
puberty: 400,000 oocytes

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2
Q

birth to menopause

how many oocytes ovulate in a reproductive life span?

A

only 400-500 will ovulate in a reproductive life span

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3
Q

anatomy of ovaries

what attaches ovaries to the pelvic sidewall

A
  • the suspensory ligaments attach the ovaries to the pelvic sidewalls
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4
Q

ovaries

what does ovum release respond to in ovaries?

A

responds to cyclic gonadotropin secretion

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5
Q

ovaries

what are the 2 main functions of the ovaries?

A
  • generation of a mature fertilisable ovum (folliculogenesis)
  • production of female sex hormones (steriodogenesis)
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6
Q

structure of the ovary

What is the outer interior part of the ovaries called?

A

ovarian cortex

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7
Q

structure of the ovaries

What is the innermost part of the ovaries called?

A

ovarian medulla

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8
Q

structure of ovary: corpus luteum

What does the corpus luteum look like and what is the function of corpus luteum?

for first part think a sac

for second part think main female hormones

A
  • looks like a yellow empty sac
  • function to produce oestrogen and progesterone
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9
Q

structure of ovary

what does the corpus luteum become if fetilisation does not take place?

something else that starts with corpus

A
  • becomes the corpus albicans
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10
Q

embryology

What is a teratoma?

think germ cells from sperm/ovum

A

germ cell tumour originating from ovum or sperm cells

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11
Q

folliculogenesis

what is folliculogenesis?

think ovarian follicles, primordial follicles and graafian follicles

A

maturation of ovarian follicles leading into progression of a small number of primordial follicles into a large Graafian follicle

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12
Q

follicles

what is the 6 stages of follicle maturation and outline a feature of each

think layers of cells for the first 2 stages, space in the follicle for the 3rd stage, buldges for the 4th stage, ruptures for the 5th part, the colour white for the 6th part

A
  1. Primordial follicle: only 1 layer of cells
  2. primary follicle: 2 or more layers of cells
  3. secondary follicle: fluid-filled space (antrum)
  4. vesicular (Graafian follicle): buldge from ovary
  5. Corpus Luteum: ruptured follicle
  6. corpus albicans: white body
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13
Q

follicles

what is the primary aim of follicle maturation?

A

to support the oocyte in growth

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14
Q

folliculogenesis

what are the 3 stages of folliculogenesis

A
  1. recruitment
  2. selection
  3. Dominance
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15
Q

folliculogenesis

what happens in recruitment in folliculogenesis

think follicles departing, patterned growth and development in early follicular phase

A

Recruitment: process where follicle departs from the resting pool to begin well-characterised pattern of growth and development during early follicular phase

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16
Q

folliculogenesis

what is selection in folliculogenesis

A

sorting of maturing follicular cohort by atresia (the degeneration of germ cells and their associated somatic cells)

17
Q

folliculogenesis

what is dominance in folliculogenesis

A

status of the follicle destined to ovulate given key role in regulating the size of the ovulatory quota

18
Q

ovarian cycle

Outline what happens in the ovarian cycle at these times:
- Start
- 3-4 months
- 70 days
- FSH window

think about cohort growth for start,

for 3-4 months think primary follicles and what they become at 70 days

for fsh window think what happens if they have an FSH window and what happens if they dont have a FSH window

A

start:
- primordial follicles, everyday a cohort with start to grow

3-4 months
- primary follicles form and at 70 days primary follicles become small antral follicles (2-5mm) (still primary follicles

FSH window
- if the small antral follicles have an FSH window, they are recruited into the ovulatory cycle
- if there in no FSH window, atresia occurs

19
Q

folliculogenesis

what do the healthiest follicles have the most of?

think receptors

A

the healthiest follicles have the most FSH receptors

20
Q

folliculogenesis

when are follicles:
- FSH independent
- FSH sensitive
- FSH dependent
- LH dependent

for FSH independent, think primordial follicle and primary follicles

for FSH sensitive think primary follicle and what this becomes

for FSH dependent think secondary follicle, antral follicle and what this becomes

for LH dependent think dominant preovulatory follicle and what this becomes

A
  • FSH independent from beginning as a primordial follicle to a multi-layer primary follicle
  • FSH sensitive when multi-layer primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle
  • FSH dependent when secondary follicle becomes an antral follicle to when this becomes a dominant preovulatory follicle
  • LH dependent when dominant preovulatory follicle becomes an ovulating follicle
21
Q

oogonia

What is the glycoprotein extracellular matrix that mature human eggs secretes and what does it act as

A
  • zona pellucida
  • acts as a selective physical barrier
22
Q

oogonia

what does teh zona pellucida prevent?

A

prevents polyspermy

23
Q

oogonia

what is the largest cell in the human body?

A

the human egg/ovum

24
Q

Steroidogenesis

what enzyme converts adrostenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestoterone into the oestrogens?

A

aromatase

25
Q

two cell theory

outline the 4 steps of the two-cell biosynthesis theory?

think cholesterol and what happens to it by mitochondrial protein Star, what cholesterol is then converted to, what theca cells produce after this and via what hormone binding to what receptor and what granulosa cells convert these products to and via what enzyme and via what hormone acting on what receptor in granulosa cells

A
  1. cholesterol (Lipoproteins - LDL) transported from outer to inner mitochondrial protein by StAR
  2. cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone
  3. Theca cells produce progesterone and androgens via LH binding to LH receptors on theca cells during follicle development (NO Oestrogens)
  4. Granulosa cells converts androgens and progesterone to oestrogens by Aromatase, which is induced by FSH acting on FSH receptors on granulosa cells
26
Q

Two-cell Oestrogen biosynthesis theory

how does LH stimulate androgen production and how does FSH induce Aromatase in the two-cell oestrogen biosynthesis Theory

LH:
- think receptors on theca cells, GPCRs and then all the things that are activated after

FSH: think receptors on granulosa cells, GPCRs and then all the things that are activated after that

A

LH:
- stimulates androgen production by binding to LH receptors on theca cells, activating GPCRs, then cAMP, then Protein kinase A and then steroidogenic enzymes

FSH:
- FSH acts on FSH receptors on granulosa cells, activating GPCRs, which activates cAMP, then Protein kinase A, and then the aromatase enzyme

27
Q

ovarian reserve

what is ovarian reserve

think primordial follicles

A

total number of primordial follicles in the ovary at any given time

28
Q

ovarian reserve

when is ovarian reserve exhausted and what age is the Ovarian reserve loss accelerated?

A
  • at menopause
  • at 37.5+ years
29
Q

ovarian reserve

what hormone used to clinically test Ovarian reserve

A

Anti-mullerian hormone

30
Q

ovarian reserve

what can anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) be used for?

think tumours, test tube babies and the likelihood of someone getting pregnant

A
  • to test for ovarian tumours
  • for IVF to check egg production after stimulation
  • to test fertility
31
Q

ovarian disorders

outline 5 ovarian disorders

think missed periods, premature menopause, cysts and cancer

A
  • anovulation (missed periods)
  • primary ovarian insufficiency (premature ovarian failure)
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • Ovarian cysts
  • ovarian cancer

Yr2: Reproduction (24 decks)

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