Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD1 Reproduction > Ovarian and Testicular Function > Flashcards

Ovarian and Testicular Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major functions of reproductive organs?

A

Gametogenesis

Secretion of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which cells produce spermatozoa?

A

Sertoli cell in seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which cells secrete oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A 
Germ cells exist in embryonic gonad
Mitotic divisions increase number of germ cells
Meiosis produces
- Primary gamete
- Secondary gamete
- Haploid gamete
Timing different in males and females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium > mitotic proliferation > 
- 1 daughter cells remains at outer edge of seminiferous tubule to maintain germ cell line
- 1 daughter cells moves toward lumen to produce spermatozoa
- Diploid
Primary spermatocyte
- Diploid
- Undergo 1st meiotic division
Secondary spermatocyte
- Haploid
- Undergo 2nd meiotic division
Spermatids
- Haploid
- Mature
Spermatozoa
- Haploid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe oogenesis

A

Starts at foetal life
Oogonium
- Mitotic proliferation prior to birth in foetal ovaries
- Diploid
Primary oocytes
- Diploid
- Arrested in 1st meiotic division
- After puberty, 1 primary oocyte reaches maturity and ovulated per month, until menopause
- Each cycle, many primary oocytes start to develop, but only 1 finishes meiosis I
Secondary oocyte + 1st polar body
- Haploid
- 2nd meiotic division completed after fertilisation
- 2nd polar body produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does one oogonium eventually produce after oogenesis?

A

1 ovum + 3 polar bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the polar bodies?

A

Degenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What sex steroids does the ovary produce?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What sex steroids does the testis produce?

A

Testosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the hormonal regulation of reproduction, and what hormone does it secrete?

A

Pulse generator

Secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

Luteinising hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the peptide hormones produced by the gonads?

A

Inhibin

Activin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What converts testosterone to oestradiol in females?

A

Aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT in males?

A

5-alpha-reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do males have a lot of aromatase?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate in the gonads?

A

Gamete production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does luteinising hormone stimulate in the gonads?

A

Steroid synthesis

Gamete production in females only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the long-loop feedback in gonadotropin release?

A

Steroid and peptide hormones feed back to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Can be negative/positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the short-loop feedback in gonadotropin release?

A

Anterior pituitary hormones negatively feed back to hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the external genitalia of the male reproductive system?

A

Penis

Scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the accessory glands and ducts of the male reproductive system?

A

Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Bulbourethral gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where in the testes are sperm made?

A

Seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does sperm maturation occur?

A

Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What delivers sperm to the urethra?

A

Vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the cellular structure of the seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells surround and support sperm
Spermatogonia divide and produce all sperm cells
Interstitial tissues support spermatogenesis
- Leydig cells produce testosterone
- Capillaries deliver nutrients and remove wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the effects of testosterone before birth?

A

Masculinises reproductive tract and external genitalia

Promotes descent of testes into scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the effects of testosterone on sex-specific tissues?

A

Promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system

Spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the other reproductive effects of testosterone?

A

Sex drive

Control of gonadotropin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the secondary sexual effects of testosterone?

A

Hair growth
Voice deepens
Muscle growth
Body configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the non-reproductive actions of testosterone?

A

Protein anabolic effects
Bone growth
Closure of epiphyses
Sebaceous gland secretions

33
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands produce, and what are each component’s functions?

A 
Mucus = lubricant
Buffers = neutralise acidic environment of vagina
34
Q

What does the prostate gland produce, and what are each component’s functions?

A

Buffers = neutralise acidic environment of vagina
Citric acid = nourish sperm
Enzymes = clot semen in vagina > liquefy clot

35
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce, and what are each component’s functions?

A

Fructose = nourish sperm
Vitamin C = nourish sperm
Enzymes = clot semen vagina > liquefy clot
Prostaglandins = smooth muscle contraction

36
Q

What does the epididymis produce, and what are each component’s functions?

A

Carnitine = nourish sperm

37
Q

Which cells in the male does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

Sertoli cells

To stimulate spermatogenesis

38
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce in response to follicle stimulating hormone that acts as negative feedback on follicle stimulating hormone release?

A

Inhibin

39
Q

Which cells in the male does luteinising hormone stimulate?

A

Leydig cells

40
Q

What cell product of Sertoli cells does testosterone bind to?

A

Androgen-binding protein

41
Q

When does the menstrual cycle start?

A

Puberty

42
Q

When does the menstrual cycle end?

A

Menopause

43
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular/proliferative

Luteal/secretory

44
Q

What secondary sex characteristics are controlled by oestrogen in females?

A

Breast development

Distribution of body fat

45
Q

What secondary sex characteristics are controlled by adrenal androgens?

A

Growth of pubic and axillary hair

Sex drive

46
Q

What external structures protect the vagina?

A

Labia majora

Labia minora

47
Q

What structure releases the dominant oocyte?

A

Mature follicle ruptures

48
Q

What happens to the follicle after it releases its oocyte?

A

Becomes corpus luteum

49
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Muscular layer of uterus > contracts during labour

50
Q

What part of the uterus changes drastically during the menstrual cycle and leads to bleeding during menstruation?

A

Endometrium

51
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle growth in ovary

Days 0-13

52
Q

What happens in ovulation?

A

Follicle ruptures and releases oocyte

Day 14

53
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy
Days 15-28

54
Q

What happens during menses?

A

No pregnancy

Bleeding from uterus as endometrium shed

55
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

New layer of endometrium in preparation of pregnancy

56
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Conversion of endometrium to secretory structure to promote implantation

57
Q

What hormone stimulates follicular development?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

58
Q

What does follicular development involve?

A

Maturation to secondary and tertiary follicle

Granulosa cells produce oestrogen

59
Q

What is the effect of the oestrogen produced by the granulosa cells in the follicular phase?

A

Positive feedback develops follicles and increases oestrogen

Negative feedback decreases follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone secretion

60
Q

What cells does luteinising hormone stimulate in females?

A

Theca cells

61
Q

What do theca cells produce?

A

Androgens > converted to oestrogen by aromatase in granulosa cells

62
Q

What is happening in the uterus during the early follicular phase of the ovary?

A

Menstruation

63
Q

What does high oestrogen do during ovulation?

A

Positive feedback on gonadotropin releasing hormone > luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone surge
Primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte
Luteinisation

64
Q

What does high inhibin do during ovulation?

A

Inhibits follicle stimulating hormone and development of new follicle, because we want to fertilisation

65
Q

What does low progesterone during ovulation do?

A

Positive feedback on gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinising hormone
- Therefore more luteinising hormone than follicle stimulating hormone produced

66
Q

What is happening in the uterus around the time of ovulation?

A

Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of endometrium

Progesterone receptors develop

67
Q

What is happening in the cervix around the time of ovulation?

A

Abundant, clear non-viscous mucus

- To allow sperm to get up there

68
Q

What happens to the granulosa cells during the luteal phase?

A

Form corpus luteum

Produce progesterone

69
Q

What do high progesterone and oestrogen do during the luteal phase?

A 
Maintain endometrium
Decrease secretion of
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone
- Luteinising hormone
- Follicle stimulating hormone
70
Q

What does inhibin do during the luteal phase?

A

Decreases follicle development

71
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Lots of progesterone
Oestrogen
Inhibin

72
Q

What is happening in the uterus during the luteal phase?

A

Preparing for pregnancy
Vascular
Secretory

73
Q

What is happening in the cervix during the luteal phase?

A

Thick, sticky, viscous mucus

  • Don’t want more sperm coming through
  • Want to protect reproductive tract
74
Q

What happens to your basal body temperature during the luteal phase?

A

Increases

75
Q

What should you monitor if you want to get pregnant?

A

Length of cycle
Type of mucus produced
Basal body temperature

76
Q

What happens to hormone levels if there is a pregnancy?

A

Maintain high hormones

77
Q

What happens to hormone levels if there is no pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum dies > low hormones
Loss of maintenance > menses
Removal of negative feedback > high follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone > development of new follicle

78
Q

What causes menopause?

A

Ovaries cease responding to luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone
Cessation of egg development

79
Q

What causes the symptoms of menopause?

A

Loss of oestrogen

MD1 Reproduction (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions