Outline 3 Study Guide Flashcards
Recognize that cells are structural units
Appreciate the diversity that exists in cell shape, size, and function
Describe the structural components of the cell membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Fluid mosaic model
(“sea of lipid” as opposed to a “lake of ice”) - Proteins
(Enzymes)
(Cytoskeletal; anchors)
(Identity markers)
(Receptors)
(Transporters)
(Channels)
Provide the functions of the cell membrane
- Get toxins out
- Contains cell contents
- Separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
- A fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment.
Interstitial fluid
the fluid between the cells (same as extracellular fluid)
Extracellular fluid
fluid within the body but outside the cells
Intracellular fluid
fluid within a cell
Diffusion
the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles (simple diffusion) molecules move from high concentration to a low concentration
Facilitated diffusion
passive transport process driven by a concentration gradient and requiring a membrane protein to act as a carrier or channel
Active diffusion
net movement of a process across a membrane against a concentration or a electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy
Transport
the act or the means by which a molecule or ion is moved across the cell membrane or via the bloodstream
Endocytosis
means by which fairy large extracellular molecules or particle enter cells
Exocytosis
method for the movement of substances from the cell interior to the extrascellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
Phagocytosis
ingestion of solid particles by cell
Pinocytosis
the engulfing of extracellular fluids by the cell
Osmolality
The concentration of particles dissolved in a fluid
Osmotic pressure
the “pulling” force on water due to the presence of solutes in solution
Concentrated
the measure of the amount of a sub-component in a solution
Dilute
when the concentration of a liquid is reduced
Osmosis
the diffusion of water (a solvent) through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one
Diffusion
the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles; also called simple diffusion
Hypertonic
exhibiting excessive tone or tension
Isotonic
muscles exhibiting the same tension
Hypotonic
Having a lower osmotic pressure than another
Solute
the dissolved substance in the solution
Solvent
the substance present in the largest amount of solution
Solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more components
Crenation
shrinkage of red blood cells resulting in crenated margins
Hemolysis
The breakdown of red blood cells
Mitosis
the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by the division of the cytoplasm of a cell
Mitotic
a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells
Amitotic
cell division by simple cleavage of the nucleus and division of the cytoplasm without spindle formation or appearance of chromosomes.
Meiosis
a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
Protein synthesis
the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes
Transcription
one of the two major steps in protein synthesis; the transfer of information of DNA base sequence to the complementary messenger RNA base sequence
Translation
the second major step in protein synthesis; information carrier by messenger RNA is decoded and used to assemble amino acids into a protein
Regeneration
the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals
Fibrosis
overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring of various tissues
Tissue
a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primarily tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
Histology
the study of tissues
Compare and contrast active transport with passive transport
- Active transport- net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy
- Passive transport- a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes
Compare and contrast simple diffusion with facilitated diffusion
- Simple diffusion- the passive process by which molecules and ions move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion- passive transport process driven by a concentration gradient and requiring a membrane protein to act as a carrier or channel
Provide examples of items that move via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
- Simple diffusion- fats, fat-soluble vitamins, oxygen, carbon dioxide
- Facilitated diffusion- (notably glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores
- Primary active transport- Amino acids, some sugars, and most ions
- Secondary active transport- sodium ions, and possibly other compounds
- Endocytosis- extracellular substances
- Exocytosis- hormones, mucus, and other cell products or to eject certain cellular wastes
List the factors that influence the rate of simple diffusion
- concentration gradient
- membrane permeability
- Temperature
- pressure
List the factors that influence the rate of facilitated diffusion
- Temperature
- concentration gradient
- Selectivity
- Saturation
For each factor affecting the rate of diffusion, provide the following:
- whether the factor increases or decreases the rate of diffusion; and
- one real life way the factor can be changed and / or a design feature of a tissue to maximize the rate
Osmolality
using an osmometer by, for example, freezing point depression of the solution
Osmotic pressure
the pressure difference needed to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure of a solution is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute particles in solution
Tonicity
related to its effect on the volume of a cell. Solutions that do not change the volume of a cell are said to be isotonic
Concentration
a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution
Net osmosis
the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane
Net diffusion
when the flow of solute particle moving in one direction is bigger than the flow of solute particles moving in the opposite direction
Volume changes
changing the volume occupied by a gas will change its concentration
Determine the movement of water between solutions based upon differences in solute concentrations and permeability of membranes
Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane
Understand that cell volume and pressure is influenced by fluid concentrations
Cytoplasm
medium for chemical reaction
Mitochondria
generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions
Ribosomes
the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids
Gogli apparatus
helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell
Lysosomes
break down excess or worn-out cell parts
Peroxisomes
oxidation of specific biomolecules
Microtubules
provide the rigid, organized components of the cytoskeleton that give shape to many cells
Microfilaments
assist with cell movement
Centrioles
organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system
Cilia
help to remove contaminants from organs or tissue by helping to move fluids over the cell
Flagella
typically used to propel a cell through liquid
Microvilli
increase the cell’s surface area, which facilitates the absorption of nutrients, ingested food, and a water molecule
Nucleus
store the cell’s DNA, maintain its integrity, and facilitate its transcription and replication
Nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
Nucleoli
produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
Chromatin
to compress the DNA into a compact unit that will be less voluminous and can fit within the nucleus
Assign roles to –blasts and –cytes in the tissue
Provide examples of cells that are mitotic, amitotic, and meiotic
- Mitotic cells: eukaryotic
- Amitotic cells: unicellular
- Meiotic cells: gamete
Mitosis
- Cell type: eukaryotic cells
- Purpose of process:to separate the genome and ensure that the two daughter cells inherit an equal and identical complement of chromosomes
- Parental chromosomes: 46
- Daughter chromosomes: 46
Meiosis
- Cell type: gamete cells
- Purpose of process: to produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells.
- Parental chromosomes: 46
- Daughter chromosomes: 23
Protein synthesis
- Location: ribosomes
- Organelles involved: Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Cell surface membrane.
- Starting material: AUG
- Requirements: three types of RNA
- Product: polypeptide chain
Transcription
- Location: in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes
- Organelles involved: the nucleus in eukaryotes and the cytoplasm in prokaryotes
- Starting material: template DNA strand
- Requirements: the DNA double helix to partially unwind such that one strand can be used as the template for RNA synthesis
- Product: RNA
Translation
- Location: ribosomes
- Organelles involved: ribosomes
- Starting material: the ribosome and a tRNA attach to the mRNA
- Requirements: mRNA, ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) and various enzymatic factors
- Product: protein
List the four major classes of tissues
- connective tissue
- epithelial tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
Describe the structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue
- Structural- cell sheets and cellularity, cell junction, polarity, basement membrane, high regeneration, nerve innervation and lack of blood vessels
- Functional- protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
Classify epithelia using a diagram, picture, or description
Covers the surface of the body and lines the body cavities, ducts, and vessels
Provide a location for each of the classes of epithelia
1) simple squamous- lining cavities of body; skin
2) simple cuboidal- glandular tissue and in the kidney tubules.
3) simple columnar- lines the small intestine
4) pseudostratified-mainly found in the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
List the major membrane junctions and provide a short description of each
- Occluding junctions-tight junctions that serve to create an impermeable or semipermeable barrier between the adjoining epithelial cells
- Adhering junctions- initiate cell-cell contacts, and mediate the maturation and maintenance of the contact
- Desmosomes- a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments.
- Gap junctions- physically connect adjacent cells, mediating the rapid exchange of small molecules
Understand the role of junctions in epithelial tissue
providing adhesion and intercellular communication
Distinguish endocrine glands from exocrine glands
Exocrine glands secrete their substances through ducts onto your body’s surfaces. On the other hand, endocrine glands secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream
Describe the structural and functional characteristics of connective tissue
- Structural- an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells
- Functional- bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage
List the structural and functional characteristics of cartilage, a type of connective tissue
- Structural- tough, semitransparent, elastic, flexible connective tissue
- Functional- the ability to resist compressive forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas where there is a need for flexibility
Compare connective tissue with epithelial tissue
1., Connective tissue- Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
2. Epithelial- a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands
Compare cartilage with other types of connective tissue and epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue- cartilage is not as hard as a bone
- Epithelial tissue- cartilage is harder than skin
List the types of connective tissue
- Loose connective tissue
- Adipose tissue
- Dense fibrous connective tissue
- Elastic connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Osseous tissue (bone)
- Blood
Provide the three main elements of connective tissue
- extracellular fibres
- an amorphous matrix called ground substance
- stationary and migrating cells
Recognize that the properties of each type of connective tissue is dependent upon the matrix and its individual properties
Classify connective tissue using a diagram, picture, or description
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Loose connective tissue
the most widely distributed of all connective tissues. It is the predominant type of connective tissue that joins the cells in the other main tissues
Adipose tissue
body fat. It is found all over the body. It can be found under the skin; a critical regulator of systemic energy homeostasis by acting as a caloric reservoir
Dense fibrous connective tissue
a type of connective tissue with fibers as its main matrix element. The fibers are mainly composed of type I collagen; to create the collagen fibres of the tissue
Elastic connective tissue
consists of fibroblasts and densely compacted parallel bundles of fibers - mainly elastic fibers with a minor component of collagen fibers; provide tensile strength and resistance to stretching
Cartilage
the ability to resist compressive forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas where there is a need for flexibility
Osseous tissue (bone)
maintained by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and cells that break down bone called osteoclasts
Blood
transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues
Briefly describe muscle tissue and nervous tissue
- Muscle- composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts
- Nervous- the main tissue of our nervous system. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body
Compare regeneration with fibrosis
- Regeneration- the regrowth of a damaged or missing organ part from the remaining tissue
- Fibrosis- the development of fibrous connective tissue as a reparative response to injury or damage
