Outline 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Recognize and provide the common elements of the body
Oxygen- O Carbon- C Hydrogen- H Nitrogen- N Calcium- Ca Phosphorus- P Potassium- K Sulfur- S Sodium- Na Chlorine- Cl Magnesium- Mg Iodine- I Iron- Fe Trace elements
Distinguish between organic compounds and inorganic compounds and provide examples of each
Organic- A compound that lacks carbon
Examples- water, carbon dioxide, carbon mioxide
Inorganic- A compound that has carbon
Examples- carbohydrates, fats (lipids), proteins, and nucleic acids
Describe the five properties of water
- Cohesion and adhesion
- Capillary action
- Surface tension
- The ability to dissolve many substances
- High specific heat
Describe the pH scale, indicating neutral, acidic, basic/alkaline
Alkaline 0-7
Neutral 7.35-7.45
Acidic 7-14
Recognize the changes in H+ concentration with changes in pH (inversely proportional)
The pH of a solution and the H+ concentration are inversely proportional. The number of H+ ions INCREASES as the pH DECREASES.
List the three classifications of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Diasaccharide
Polysaccharide
Provide the building block of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Provide the major functions of carbohydrates
- Energy production
- Energy storage
- Building macromolecules
- Sparing protein
- Assisting lipid in metabolism
Provide the characteristic that make lipids lipid
Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Provide the building block of a triglyceride
Fatty acid, glycerol
Provide the building block of a phospholipid
two fatty acid tails, the glycerol backbone and a phosphate head
Define the terms dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis- monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other site of bond formation
Hydrolysis- A bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
Describe the structure of proteins
A protein molecule is made from a long chain of these amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond
Provide the building block of a protein
Amino acid
Describe the four levels of protein structure and provide examples where appropriate
Primary structure Secondary structure ---Alpha helix ---Beta-pleaded sheet Tertiary structure Quaternary structure ---Four polypeptides construct the protein hemoglobin, a blood protein
Understand that the overall, 3-D structure of a protein determines its function
Understand that the overall, 3-D structure of a protein is chiefly determined by the primary structure of the protein which is the amino acid sequence
Provide factors that influence the overall structure of a protein
- proper amino acid sequence
- temperature
- pH
- cofactors
- coenzymes
Describe denaturation
process modifying the molecular structure of a protein
Provide factors that can cause denaturation of a protein
pH has destroyed the structure required for function.
Recognize that all enzymes are proteins but that not all proteins are enzymes
Describe the function of an enzyme
help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
List and describe the characteristics of enzymes
- They possess great catalytic power and a small amount can easily catalyze a chemical reaction.
- They speed up reactions but remain unchanged during the whole reaction.
- Temperature
- pH
- Inhibitors can easily affect the efficiency and action of enzymes.
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
DNA- nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine// short for deoxyribonucleic acid// consists of the sugar, deoxyribose// double-stranded// located within the nucleus// functions as the genetic material// a double helix
RNA- nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil// important for the transcription and translation processes of protein synthesis// single-stranded
Describe the building blocks of ATP
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
Describe the role of ATP
ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.
Distinguish among the lipids and provide examples and functions of each
- Neutral fats
- –Example: fatty acids and glycerol
- –protect and insulate the body organs; the major source of stored energy in the body. - Phospholipids
- –Example: Lecithin
- –Participate in the transport of lipids in plasma; abundant in the brain and the nervous tissue in general, where they help to form insulating white matter. - Steroids
- –Example: cholesterol
- –decreasing inflammation and reducing the activity of the immune system - Eicosanoids
- –Example: prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT), and lipoxins (LX)
- –Function: The main functions include a role in inflammation, function in reproduction, gastric secretion, and regulation of blood pressure.
For the major categories of organic compounds, distinguish one from the other based on physical and functional characteristics, provide the building blocks of each, and provide their major functions
- Carbohydrates
- –consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- –monosaccharides
- –energy production, energy storage, building macromolecules, sparing protein, and assisting in lipid metabolism. - Lipids
- –fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
- –Glycerol and fatty acids
- –store energy - Protein
- –hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids
- –amino acids
- –allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions - Nucleic acids
- –long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides
- –nucleotide
- –storage and expression of genomic information - ATP
- –a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups
- –carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus
- –captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes
