Outline 11: Larynx

Question 1

What is Extrinsic Muscle

Answer 1

muscle attatchment is outside the larynx

Question 2

What is intrinsic Muscle?

Answer 2

both origins and insertions are in the larynx

Question 3

What is chondroitin vitamins?

Answer 3

made up of ground cartilage.
strong and tough
withstands a lot of pressure and tension. covers articular of most bones.
Form framework of larynx, ears are cartilage, nose
Ex: Jello

Question 4

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 4

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

Question 5

What is hyaline?

Answer 5

Most common type of cartilage in body,glassy, rigid. found at the ends of bones. 
Forms septum
tends to calcify
Forms rings of trachea
Bluish white color

Question 6

What is Fibrous (fribrocartilage)?

Answer 6

stiffer cartilage.
found in some joints and ligaments
found in intervertebral disk

Question 7

What is Elastic?

Answer 7

more flexible, stretchy, yellowish in color, in the ear, nose and larynx.

Question 8

What is the membrane that covers cartilage?

Answer 8

perichondria

Question 9

What are joints?

Answer 9

the functional connections between bones
no joints= no movements
muscles are attached at the joints
the shape of the joint can determine type of movement

Question 10

What are the types of joints?

Answer 10

Synarthrodial
amphiarthrodial
synovial

Question 11

What is synarthrodial?

Answer 11

1st type of joint: not moveable
Roof of your toungue 
pelvic bone
chin
skull
will break before it moves

Question 12

What is amphiarthrodial?

Answer 12

2nd type of joint:slightly moveable
vertebrae
spinal disk works as a unit

Question 13

What is synovial?

Answer 13

3rd type of joint: most common joint in body
encapsulated joints
behind hyaline cartilages
most moveable
constantly produced
fluid filled because it is always stressed

Question 14

What is Plane or Gliding?

Answer 14

synovial joint type:
1 concave and 1 convect saucer
gliding and sliding
movement between the vertebrae 
so the ribs can move for respiration

Question 15

what is ginglymus?

Answer 15

synovial joint type:
hinge movements
they allow a wide range of movements but only in one plane
EX: elbows and knees

Question 16

what is pivot?

Answer 16

synovial joint type:
process from one bone going through and opening in another bone
Atlas and Axis
pivot head turn

Question 17

What is condyloid?

Answer 17

synovial joint type:
you have a concave surface and a convex surface that fits in it.
larger range of motion for gliding and sliding.
jaw
cannot rotate
an oval surface
rocking and gliding

Question 18

What is a saddle?

Answer 18

synovial joint type:
even more freely moveable joint 
has a concave and convex but allows a lot of different movements
Ex: joint in thumb
approaching rotation

Question 19

What is ball and socket?

Answer 19

synovial joint type:
rotation, range of motion in lots of directions
Ex: shoulder and hips
most freely moveable 
moves in every plane
full rotation

Question 20

Larynx has 3 functions

Answer 20

2 biological 1 nonbiological

and has one bone

Question 21

What are the two biological function of the larynx?

Answer 21

1. The first function is to close your valve, airway to protect you from eating and drinking. (biological)
2. Holding the torso rigid to get some muscle flow going. Rigid Torso. Responsible for upper body strength, coughing, throwing up, and giving birth. (biological)

Question 22

What is the one nonbiological function of the larynx?

Answer 22

3. Production of the voice. (nonbiological)
   - the larynx goes up, squeezes closed so that you don’t get food in the trachea. The larynx moving up for swallow is critical. When the larynx goes down, you yawn. The vocal folds spread apart so you can take a big breath. Lifts=closes, safe swallow. Down=max opening, heavy breathing

Question 23

What is hyoid bone?

Answer 23

highest structure, no connection to anything, cartilages and bones. Only bone in the larynx. Movement of the hyoid bone helps the larynx move up and down. Only free floating bone in your body. Goes around epiglottis. Horns that extend posteriorly. Also known as “cornu”

Question 24

What is epiglottis?

Answer 24

elastic cartilage, leaf shaped. Attaches to the thyroid. Sits under the back of the tongue and behind hyoid and leans over the top. Important for swallow. Toward the top. Tongue goes back and epiglottis folds backwards for swallow. Higher in babies and can be seen but in adults in can’t be seen. Elastic cartilage.
-acts as a trap door, opens for breathing

Question 25

What is thyroid?

Answer 25

vocal folds attach at the angle of thyroid. Larger of laryngeal cartilage. Made of hyaline cartilage.

Question 26

What is cricoid?

Answer 26

foundation of the larynx. Most inferior. Large posterior aspect, skinny part in the front. Where facets are (saddle joint) Lowest of the cartilages, a complete ring. Shaped like a Signiant ring. A synovial joint. As there’s a tilt in the cricoid the vocal folds are longer. Sits on top of trachea. Sits on the neck. Points at the thyroid and arytenoids. Hyaline cartilage.

Question 27

What are the 2 arytenoids?

Answer 27

cartilage that the vocal folds attach to. Paired, can rock, slide. Shaped pyramid like. Attaches to muscles including vocal cords. Opens and closes vocal cords. Open= breathing and burping. Closed= voicing and safe swallow.

Question 28

What is cricothyroid joint?

Answer 28

Pair joint of laryngeal cartilages:
between the pivot joint, allows a slight rotation. Move in the vocal folds that change pitch. Movement lengthens vocal folds. Thick= deep pitch. Thin= high pitch. Oval shaped faucet. Synovial joint. Flat or slightly concave/convex.

Question 29

What is cricoarytenoid joint

Answer 29

Pair joint of laryngeal cartilages:
sitting on the cricoid cartilage. They rock, slide, and glide. A synovial joint-saddle joint. Allows movement that is limited by the ligament that incases it. Only limited by joint capsule. Attached to vocal folds. When the arytenoids move so do the vocal folds.

Question 30

the laryngeal membranes and ligaments

Answer 30

a. intrinsic ligaments
b. intrinsic membranes
c. extrinsic membranes

Question 31

What are intrinsic membranes?

Answer 31

wrap the inside of the larynx. Inner connect the laryngeal. Covered by epithelium=inside wrapping. Connective tissue inside larynx. Is a membrane that lines the entire larynx except where the vocal folds are. Also lines the edges of the true vocal folds.
Aryepiglottic fold-
Ventricular fold- Sits on top of the vocal folds but don’t touch

Question 32

What are extrinsic membranes?

Answer 32

wrap the outside of the larynx. Doesn’t govern movement. Outside of the cartilages. Just wrapping

Conus elasticus- originates from the inferior boarder of the cricoid. It’s like a funnel on the bottom. From trachea to cricoid cartilage.

Columnar epithelium- the largest part. Lines everything but the true vocal folds.

Squamous epithilum- also on the posterior surface of the epiglottis. Lines true vocal folds.

Question 33

What is supra glottal?

Answer 33

above the glottis

Question 34

What is vestibule?

Answer 34

the opening hallway
entrance into the larynx
funnel at top
level of ventricular folds to aryepiglottic folds

Question 35

What is ventricle?

Answer 35

a small space between the true vocal folds and the false vocal folds.
Under ventricular fold (false vocal folds).

Question 36

What is subglottal

Answer 36

below level of the glottis

underneath true vocal folds.

Question 37

What is anterior commissure?

Answer 37

where true vocal folds attach at thyroid cartilage ( in front)

Question 38

what is posterior commissure?

Answer 38

arched space in the back of the larynx

Question 39

What is glottis?

Answer 39

name of the space between the true vocal folds

maximally open for breathing and closed for swallowing

Question 40

What is Extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 40

elevate or depress the larynx
muscles are paired structure
move larynx in the throat or fix larynx into position

Question 41

What is supra hyoid?

Answer 41

muscle of larynx:
above the hyoid bone.
are going to raise the larynx
laryngeal elevators

Question 42

what is digastrics?

Answer 42

part of supra hyoid:
2 bellies
anterior belly
posterior belly
when it contracts it raises the hyoid bone and pulls it slightly anteriorly

Question 43

what is mylohyoid?

Answer 43

part of supra hyoid:
arises from the medial where everything comes together
deep from digastricus

Question 44

what is stylohyoid and geniohyloid?

Answer 44

part of supra hyoid

Question 45

what is infra hyoid?

Answer 45

muscle of the larynx that pulls the larynx down

Question 46

what is sternohyoid?

Answer 46

part of infra hyoid:
arises from the medial aspect of the manubrium strap muscle
holds your head on your neck
exerts straight downward pressure

Question 47

what is omohyoid?

Answer 47

part of infra hyoid:

Question 48

what is thyroid?

Answer 48

part of infra hyiod:
elevator
when contracts it pulls thyroid cartilage up

Question 49

what is sternothyroid?

Answer 49

when it contracts it pulls the thyroid cartilage down

Question 50

what is intrinsic muscle of the larynx?

Answer 50

shape the glottis
control vibratory behavior of vocal folds
controls pitch, loudness and voice quality

Question 51

what is thyroarytenoid?

Answer 51

Muscle of true vocal fold
Has 3 functions:
ADDUCTOR: contracts
Relaxer: relaxes vocal folds (shortens if unopposed)
Tensor: tenses vocal folds
2 parts
1.	thyromuscularis
2.	thyrovocalis

Question 52

what is posterior cricoarytenoid?

Answer 52

2 layers
Only muscle that pulls the true vocal folds and opens larynx for breathing
Only ABDUCTOR 
Origin: Lamina of Cricoid Cartilage 
Courses laterally/ somewhat superiorly

Question 53

What is lateral cricoarytenoid?

Answer 53

arises from about halfway back on arch of the Cricoid Cartilage
Contracts = pulls muscular process forward & closes true vocal folds
ADDUCTOR
Relaxer: pulls vocal folds shorter

Question 54

what is interarytenoid?

Answer 54

Between the 2 Arytenoid Cartilages; pulls them closer together
Adductor: helps the regulate medial compression (helps move vocal folds to midline)
2 parts
a.oblique part:
angles across 
muscles of the Aryepiglottic fold
upwards/laterally to its Corniculate 
b.transverse part aka transverse plane
straight across

Question 55

what is cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 55

Primary muscle of pitch change
2 parts
a.pars oblique: angled; decreases gap
b.pars recta: stands up straighter