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outdoor ed end of year exam Flashcards

1
Q

perception

A

What we think about outdoor environments

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2
Q

Interactions

A

What we do in, and with, the outdoor environments

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3
Q

Impacts

A

What happens as a result of our relationships with outdoor environment

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4
Q

Geological stability

A

There are no major fault lines across Australia’s mainland earthquakes are rare and usually low intensity

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5
Q

Biological isolation

A

The separation of Australia and Antarctica about 50 million years ago marked the time when Australian plants and animal species lost their ability to interact with other species

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6
Q

Climatic variations

A

Australia is generally regarded as a dress inhabited continent the large areas of desert and Arab lands have been significant in development of Australia’s flora and fauna

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7
Q

Kinship

A

An indigenous persons relationship and responsibilities to other people, to their land and country and their natural resources

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8
Q

Indigenous relationships perceptions

A

Spiritual connection with land, land as mother, people are related to in a part of the land

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9
Q

Fire stick farming

A

The consistent and repeated use of fire to clear vegetation and to create open forest to ensure food for both people and wildlife

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10
Q

Indigenous relationship interactions

A

Hunting and gathering, fire stick farming and agriculture practices

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11
Q

Indigenous relationships impacts

A

Largely a low impact on the environment

hunting may have contributed to the extinction of some megafauna

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12
Q

Interactions and impacts post colonisation involved

A

Soil compaction from sheep and cattle

disease and conflict

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13
Q

Early colonisation perceptions 1788-1859

A

fear
opportunity
to be saved

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14
Q

Early colonisation impacts 1788-1859

A

Cessation of cultural fires
Forest clearing
Introduction of species

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15
Q

Early colonisation interactions 1788-1859

A

Development of towns and first cities near the coast

Exploration of land for farms and for treasure

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16
Q

Pre-Federation perceptions 1860 to 1900

A

Many saw the land as an opportunity to make a fortune

fear of the bush remained among many particularly in cities and towns

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17
Q

Pre-Federation interactions 1860 to 1900

A

Large-scale increase in mining, forestry, farming, grazing, river dredging

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18
Q

Pre-Federation impacts 1860 to 1900

A

Land clearing
deforestation affects
increased urbanisation
more erosion

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19
Q

Post Federation perceptions 1901 to 1990

A

Belief that humans can control nature

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20
Q

Post Federation interactions 1901 to 1990

A

Major dams were built
conservation through national parks continued
nation building place after Federation

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21
Q

Post Federation impacts 1901 to 1990

A

Water, soil and air-pollution continued to grow especially around cities

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22
Q

Environmental activism

A

The actions or individuals or groups that I aim to protect or support the environment

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23
Q

Custodianship

A

The responsibility for taking care of or protecting something

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24
Q

Registered aboriginal party

A

They are responsible for managing all land, water and aboriginal culture within the appointed areas. They’re appointed by Victorian aboriginal heritage council, established under the aboriginal heritage act 2006

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25
Q

Conservation

A

The preservation, protection, management or restoration of the natural environment, inclusive of ecosystems, vegetation, wildlife and natural resources, such as soil and water

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26
Q

Management plan

A

A document that contains guidelines on how an area of public land is manage it articulates divisions, goals, outcomes, measures and long-term strategies for parks within planning areas

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27
Q

Recreation

A

Past times that are a diversion from day to day routines including active or passive activities that provide participant with fun relaxation or enjoyment

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28
Q

Conservation relationships perceptions

A

Outdoor environments need protection and care

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29
Q

Conservation relationship interactions

A

Revegetation
erosion control
weed and pest control

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30
Q

Conservation relationship impacts

A

Grow more trees and make more oxygen
improve biodiversity through pest management

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31
Q

Recreation relationship perceptions

A

Outdoor environments are for having fun
outdoor environments of exercise

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32
Q

Recreation relationship interactions

A

Bush walking
Fishing
surfing

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33
Q

Recreation relationship impacts

A

Erosion and rubbish through high visitation
the need for amenities

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34
Q

Economic

A

Relating to all based on the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

this can be through growing something for profit or digging up something from the earth to be sold for profit

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35
Q

economic Relationships perceptions

A

Outdoor environments provide the material for making money

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36
Q

economic Relationships interactions

A

Agriculture
commercial fishing
cultural tours
ecotourism

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37
Q

Economic relationships impacts

A

Long-term damage to outdoor environments including erosion and loss of biodiversity

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38
Q

Methods to influence decision-making

A

Non-violent protests of persuasion
non-violent interventions

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39
Q

Non-violent protests of persuasion
method

A

Formal petitions
street protesting
media based activism

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40
Q

non-violent interventions
method

A

Lawsuits
participative research
hunger strikes

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41
Q

non-violent interventions
+ and -

A

+
ensurers decision-makers have a clear understanding of their position
arguments for positions can be clearly understood through reports
-
Time-consuming
difficult to access decision-makers

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42
Q

Form of decision-making
community consultation

A

a consultative group can be formed or enlisted to consult interest groups, public and expert with specialise knowledge of the issue

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43
Q

Form of decision-making
community consultation
+ and -

A

+
Accurate information is gathered
provides the opportunity for all views to be heard
-
Time-consuming and expensive

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44
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
issue

A

Proposal to declare a national park over 5000 km² that incorporates existed in national parks, reserves and state forests

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45
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
parties conflicting

A

Victorian National Parks Association against the forestry industry

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46
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
Victoria National Parks Association position on the issue

A

The creation of the great Forest National Park when I only safeguard the habitats of the endangered species but protect these critical forests

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47
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
Forestry industry position on the issue

A

State Forest should be able to remain to continue primary industries and hunting of deer and other introduce species as this provides better management of the Victorian landscape for the benefit of the Victorian public

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48
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
Victorian national parks methods used to influence decision-makers

A

Website and multimedia campaign gathered evidence to produce a GFNP plan

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49
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
Forestry industry methods used to influence decision-makers

A

Launch Facebook page and a campaign against the great Forrest National Park
covened community meetings to revise information on the potential economic impacts of the great Forrest National Park

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50
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
Processes followed by decision-makers

A

Community consultation

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51
Q

Conflict over the proposed great Forrest National Park
Evaluation

A

The great Forest National Park has failed to gain support from either major Victorian political party the methods used by the forestry industry to influence the government’s position focused on the wealth creation of local jobs timber production and the floor and effect on communities which was a stronger motivation to not make the great Forrest National Park

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52
Q

Environmental issues for government policy response climate change

A

An increase in greenhouse gas emissions has resulted in the changes of the earth climate
Policy responses:
Supports global emissions targets and supports renewable energy target

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53
Q

Environmental issue for government policy response habitats and species conservation

A

Native Forest Logan continues to be practice in Australia and has detrimental effects on the species of the environment

policies responses:
supports policies and projects for habitat and species conservation

54
Q

Greenhouse gas emissions target Australian Labour Party

A

Net 0 by 2050 reduce Australia’s emissions by 43% by 2030

55
Q

Greenhouse gas emissions target liberal

A

Net 0 by 2050 reduce Australia’s emissions 26 to 28% by 2030

56
Q

Greenhouse gas emissions target greens

A

Net zero or net negative Australian greenhouse gas emissions by 2035 or sooner

57
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

Agreement to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions with an agreed individual targets
Commits industrialise countries to limit and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions with a great individual targets

58
Q

Climate change debate

A

Debate often centres on whether humans have a major influence on the climate or whether it is natural

59
Q

Paris agreement cop 21

A

Commit to holding global warming to well below 2° and to pursue efforts to limited to 1.5°

60
Q

Climate sceptics believe

A

The earths atmosphere was warmed and called naturally over thousands of years and what is occurring now is another natural change

61
Q

Climate scientist believe

A

If we fail to reduce carbon pollution caused by human activity such as burn fossil fuels climate change with a profound impact on our planet

62
Q

Mitigation of climate change

A

Creating cleaner fossil fuels or to use more renewable energy alternatives such as solar wind and biofuels

63
Q

Sustainable

A

Capable of being maintained in existence without interruption

64
Q

Social sustainability

A

A concept of an inclusive and just a side where everyone’s needs are met and where everyone has equal opportunities contribute and participate in decision-making processes

65
Q

Economic sustainability

A

The ability of economic systems to sustain a decent standard of living and operating a way that promotes long-term environmental health and preserves natural resources for future generations

66
Q

Environmental sustainability

A

Prioritise the well-being of the environment encompassing aspects like water and air quality as well as the reduction of the environmental stresses such as greenhouse gas emissions

67
Q

Promoting environmental sustainability

A

Biomass, solar power, wind power

68
Q

Interdependence

A

Two or more things that are interconnected relying on an influencing each other

69
Q

Critiques of sustainability

A

Vagueness of the term, measuring sustainability, developing nations, cost

70
Q

Cost critiques of sustainability

A

Adopting sustainable practices is expensive. Installing roof solar panels and backyard grey water systems may seem straightforward ethical decisions however the associated costs are beyond many household budgets

71
Q

Developing nations critiques of sustainability

A

With the inequalities of economic growth around the world it is difficult to expect all countries to adopt expensive renewable energy resources and impose restrictions on Corbin oceans cause by unsustainable use of fossil fuels

72
Q

Environmental health is closely linked to the surrounding land and can be influenced bye

A

Urbanisation, land clearing, overgrazing

73
Q

Evaluate in the health of outdoor environments

A

Water quality, quality, soil quality, biodiversity

74
Q

Water quality

A

Water is a crucial component of a healthy and sustainable outdoor environment it can be measured by taste odour and appearance

75
Q

Air quality

A

Measuring air quality can include rainfall smog location smell

76
Q

sOil quality

A

Vital component of the environment and plays a crucial role in supporting life on earth it can be tested through colour, texture, pH and temperature

77
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The variety of habitats, natural communities and ecological processes in the biosphere

78
Q

Biodiversity

A

I diversity is critical to the functioning of ecosystems, providing crucial services such as Polynation, pest control, soil conservation and carbon reduction.

a healthy and diverse ecosystem means a healthy and sustainable environment

79
Q

threats on society and outdoor environments

A

land degradation
introduced species
urbanisation
climate change
flood
fire

80
Q

Land degradation

A

Refers to the detrimental changes in the condition of the land due to human interactions

81
Q

Introduce species

A

Impact on the native species and ecosystems by outcompeting and replacing them, altering food webs and effective the soil structure and water balance

they can also spread disease and parasites to native species

82
Q

Urbanisation

A

Refers to the growth of towns and cities and the increasing number of people who live in urban areas

this can impact habitat modification, loss of river flows and vegetation loss

83
Q

Climate change

A

3rd to the long-term alteration of global weather patterns due to range of factors such as human activities

84
Q

Potential impacts of climate change on society

A

Decrease availability for water for nature human consumption and agriculture
Melting of ice in the Arctic and Antarctic

85
Q

Potential impacts of climate change on outdoor environments

A

Increase intensity of droughts and floods
reduction in fish stocks

86
Q

Floods

A

Floods are a natural part of Australian ecosystems and play clear shall roll in certain environments and dam inflows
However they can cause substantial harm to properties, infrastructure and human health and result in loss of life

87
Q

Fire

A

Bushfires are a type of wildfire that burns through vegetation and grassland, causing widespread destruction and damage
potential impacts of fire on society includes
loss of life property and infrastructure
potential impacts of fire outdoor environments impacts on plants animals and ecosystems

88
Q

Climate feedback loop

A

Accelerates or decelerates are warming trend, such as bushfires creating conditions to encourage more intense bushfires

89
Q

Relationship

A

The way in which two or more people or things are connected or the state of being connected

90
Q

eL Nino

A

Extensive warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific, associated with an increased probability of dry conditions in Australia

91
Q

la nina

A

Extensive cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, associated with an increased probability of wetter conditions in Australia

92
Q

To significant events that occurred in the pre-history of Australia

A

200 million years ago Gondwana separated from Pangea
100 million years ago Gondwana begins to split apart

93
Q

Examples of adaptations in Australian plants

A

Hard, glossy leaves that are resistant to water loss evergreens that reduce energy usage

94
Q

Examples of adaptations in animals in Australia

A

Water storage
metabolic adaptations to minimise water loss

95
Q

Interactions pre-colonisation involved

A

Anthony gathering
fire stick farming
sacred sites

96
Q

Indigenous perceptions with outdoor environments included

A

A spiritual connection with the land and viewing the land as their mother

97
Q

Lake Pedder

A

Campaign began in 1967 to stop the expansion of the middle Gordon power scheme that would flood the existing natural late. Campaign efforts failed and the damning went ahead in 1973

98
Q

Lake Peters protests influence on politics

A

Lake Pedder protests influence the creation of the Tasmanian political party united Tasmanian group in 1972 and was now known as the world in a society in 1976

99
Q

Terra nullius

A

Land that is legally deemed to be unoccupied or inhabited

100
Q

Custodianship

A

The care and management of land and is related to kinship

Custodianship is the process of the formal recognition of indigenous peoples custodianship of the land or land and water

101
Q

Defy requirements for traditional owners to gain formal recognition

A

Right people, right country, decision-making, capability and incorporation

102
Q

Examples of formalised traditional owners caring for outdoor environments include

A

Designated aboriginal positions and water management

103
Q

Method to influence decision-making
non-violent protests and persuasion

A

Can be done through formal positions straight protests and media base activism

the advantages are they easy to conduct they can also reach a high number of people

the disadvantages are people side petitions with little knowledge about the issue

104
Q

Australian Labour Party

A

Exists on the centreleft of the political spectrum, fits with its beginnings as a party supported by trade unions and every day labouring workers this socialist attitude and philosophy remains at the party today

105
Q

Liberal party Australia

A

Position on the right is leaning of the political spectrum in more favour of a more capital a society and a supporter of business liberal party focuses on strongly wealth creation and peoples individuals that deserve the right and support to determine their own future

106
Q

Sustainable

A

Capable of being maintained in existence without interruption or distruption

107
Q

Renewable

A

Something that can be naturally replenished or replace relatively quickly typically within a human lifetime without depleting its resource

108
Q

Social sustainability

A

The concept of an inclusive and just society where everyone’s individual needs are met and everyone has equal opportunities to contribute and participate in decision-making processes

109
Q

Economic sustainability

A

The ability of an economic system to maintain a decent standard of living and operate in a way that provides long-term environmental health and preserves natural resources for future generations

110
Q

Environmental sustainability

A

A concept that prioritises the health and well-being of the environment encompassing aspects like water air quality as well as the reduction of environmental stresses such as greenhouse gases

111
Q

Promoting environmental sustainability

A

Biomass, solar power and wind power

112
Q

Critique of sustainability developing

A

It is difficult to expect all countries to adopt expensive renewable energy sources and impose restrictions on carbon emissions caused by unsustainable use of fossil fuels by developing nations

113
Q

interdependence

A

Two or more things that are interconnected relying on or influencing each other

114
Q

when Evaluating in the health of an outdoor environment you can do

A

Measuring water quality, equality, soil quality, biodiversity

115
Q

Threats on society and outdoor environments

A

Land aggregation, introduced bases, urbanisation, climate change, flood, fire

116
Q

Land degregation

A

Refers to the detrimental changes in the condition of the land due to human interactions these are linked to the reduction in the productive captivity of the land and economic value

117
Q

Introduce species

A

Base of species have a significant impact on their species and ecosystems by outcompeting and replacing them, altering food webs and affecting soil structure and water balance

118
Q

Erosion

A

Wind and water erosion are natural phenomena however land clearing, overgrazing and farm pest animals accelerates erosion across the landscape

119
Q

Potential impacts of fire on society

A

The impact of bushfires on society are bad and include loss of life, property and infrastructure it and also cause poor air quality

120
Q

Importance of outdoor environments for individuals and the society nine examples

A

Aesthetic value, recreation adventure, physical and emotional well-being, intrinsic value, biodiversity, education, economic value, future food and medicine sources and scientific research

121
Q

recreation and adventure

A

Outdoor environments offer a vital escape from daily pressures of life, allowing individuals to experience a simpler and more relaxed existence they provide opportunities for positive risk-taking behaviours and enable education

122
Q

climate change

A

Climate change refers to any long-term shift in average weather patterns, including alterations in temperature, precipitation and wind patterns

123
Q

Actions to combat climate change on a local level

A

Government is taking action to reduce the states emissions by net 0 x 2050 and to ensure community’s businesses and institutions are better prepared to deal with the impacts of climate change by 2025 they want to have 28 to 33% below 2005 levels

124
Q

Actions to combat climate change on a national level

A

Australians are experiencing the impacts of climate change across the country. Under international climate agreements at the time of printing Australia has two targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
5% below 2000 levels by 2020 under the Kyoto protocol
26 to 28% below 2005 levels by 2030 under the Paris agreement

125
Q

Commercial and economic contemporary indigenous land management initiatives

A

Which harvesting of plant food medicines and seeds for sale, cultural ecotourism and plantations

126
Q

Spiritual and cultural examples of contemporary indigenous land management initiatives

A

Protecting and maintaining cultural sites and recognising the importance of cultural areas

127
Q

Resource management examples of indigenous land management initiatives

A

Weed control
feral animal control
soil erosion control

128
Q

Public land management

A

They are not privately owned or managed these are usually under the control of the government and its agencies to protect sites of environmental and cultural values to provide opportunities for recreational use

129
Q

Role of a park manager

A

Managing natural value and visitor services

130
Q

role of examples of custodianship which has been implemented by the boonwurung lan council aboriginal corporation

Cultural Heritage Management Plans (CHMPs):

A

BLCAC plays a key role in assessing and approving CHMPs for development projects across the Mornington Peninsula. This process involves evaluating potential impacts on cultural sites, advising on preservation methods, and ensuring respectful land use.

131
Q

role of examples of custodianship which has been implemented by the boonwurung lan council aboriginal corporation

Environmental Conservation Efforts:

A

The BLCAC collaborates with government bodies and conservation organizations to protect natural habitats, such as wetlands and coastlines. For example, they’re involved in protecting significant areas like Point Nepean National Park and Western Port Bay, both vital ecosystems and culturally significant landscapes.

132
Q
A

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