outdoor ed

Question 1

Perceptions

Answer 1

what we think about outdoor environments

Question 1

Interactions

Answer 1

what we do in, and with, the outdoor environments

Question 2

Impacts

Answer 2

what happens as a result of our relationship

Question 3

Australia brief overview

Answer 3

Australia covers 7,600,000 km2

6th largest country in the world

Flattest continent

Oldest and least fertile soil

Driest inhabited continent

Significantly influenced by El Nino (this means rainfall patterns vary
dramatically from year to year)

Question 4

Precambrian,

Answer 4

4,300 - 600 Million years ago: The forming of the earth.

Question 5

Gondwana,

Answer 5

180 Million years ago: Major splitting of northern and southern
continents from the supercontinent - Pangea.

Question 6

Australia isolation

Answer 6

65 Million years ago: Separates from all other continents to
become an isolated landmass of its own.

Question 7

continental drift theory

Answer 7

Continental drift is the theory that all of the earth’s continents are continuously
moving.

Question 8

biological isolation

Answer 8

The separation of Australia and Antarctica meant that Australian plant and
animal species lost their ability to interact with other species

Question 9

geological stability

Answer 9

volcanos and earthquakes do not occur

Question 10

climactic variation

Answer 10

Major events include:

El Nino and La Nina

Drought and bushfires

Floods

Question 11

fire with Australian plants

Answer 11

Eucalyptus species produce shoots from burned trunks

Question 12

adaptions in australian animals

Answer 12

water storage and Energy-efficient movement

Question 13

Arrival of the first Australians – Indigenous views

Answer 13

We’ve always been here, and forms part of their spiritual connection, myths and
stories

Question 14

Indigenous relationships – Perceptions

Answer 14

Deeply spiritually connected with the Australian environment (sometimes called
the Dreaming or Dreamtime)

Question 15

Indigenous Relationships – Perceptions Summary

Answer 15

Kinship - obligation to the land and tribal law

Spiritual connection with land

Land was perceived in terms of worship

The Dreaming (aboriginal spirituality) made strong links with people, the land
and all living things

Question 16

Indigenous Relationships – Interactions

Answer 16

For many Indigenous communities, there are four key practices we can examine
that shed some light on their relationships with their environment

Hunting and gathering

Nomadism and semi-nomadism

Fire-stick farming

Sacred sites

Question 17

Hunting and Gathering

Answer 17

Known roughly as ‘living off the land

Men typically did the ‘hunting’ while women did the ‘gathering’

Hunting for and gathering food develops in people a very close connection with a
place

Question 18

Fire-stick Farming

Answer 18

Fire-stick farming refers to the consistent and repeated use of fire to clear
vegetation in a particular area

Fire was used to reduce fuels and open up areas, making travelling through and
environment easier

Question 19

Indigenous Relationships – Interactions Summary

Answer 19

Hunting and gathering – shellfish, seals, kangaroos, bird eggs, yams etc

Nomadism/semi-nomadism- moved with the seasons or after small period of time so
they did not exhaust supplies

Fire-stick farming- use of fire to clear land to create/regenerate grasslands to attract
large mammals for hunting and make travel easier

Question 20

Indigenous Relationships – Impacts

Answer 20

Dingos: Dingoes quickly became a threat to many other native species, are the
responsible for the extinction of the thylacine?

Decline in megafauna: A debate exists that Indigenous communities hunted these
until extinction.

Question 21

After the Arrival of Europeans

Answer 21

Conflicts that arose include:

The nature of land ownership practiced by Europeans meant that many
Indigenous communities were encouraged initially to relocate

Nomadic and semi-nomadic movement was discouraged by roads, fences and
other permanent structures

Fire-stick farming was seen as dangerous to livestock and homes, and quickly
began to disappear as a common practice

Question 22

After Human Settlement – Perceptions

Answer 22

“Always was, always will be Aboriginal land”, this quote goes to show that
perceptions have remained the same

Still a strong spiritual connection to the land

Continue to care and protect the environment, see themselves as the ‘custodians’
of the land – the care takers

Question 23

After Human Settlement – Interactions

Answer 23

Most places very different to pre-European Settlement

Much of their traditional land and foods no longer exist

Question 24

After Human Settlement – Impacts

Answer 24

Aboriginal people continue to push for more sustainable use of the natural
environment

Aboriginal people are actively involved in conservation movements (Jabiluka
uranium mine)

Question 25

Early Colonisation (1788–1859)

Answer 25

The first fleet arrived in 1778

They believed that the land belonged to nobody, therefore labelling it “Terra
Nullius”

Question 26

Settlers’ Perceptions:

Answer 26

-Fear
- Opportunity
-To be saved

Question 27

Settlers’ Interactions:

Answer 27

-Colonisation
- Farming
- Exploration
- Development

Question 28

Settlers’ Impacts:

Answer 28

-Cessation of lit fires
- Forest clearing
- Introduction of species

Question 29

Pre Federation (1860-1900) – Gold Mining

Answer 29

The gold rush of the 1800s had brought a wide diversity of people to Australia
including Italians, Chinese and Germans. While some European migrants were
tolerated by the mainly British population of Australia, most Australians believed their
society should remain exclusively white and British.

Question 30

Pre Federation (1860-1900) – Industrialisation

Answer 30

Industrialisation: Refers to the ‘shift’ in human practices from simple practices
involving physical labour to those involving mechanical aides (machines) to assist and
enable large scale development (i.e. manufacturing)

Question 31

Pre Federation (1860-1900) – Perceptions

Answer 31

Fear: Fear of the bush remained common to new arrivals, mostly from Europe,
North America or China.

As a resource: The environment was seen as a resource through which you could
make a fortune. This remains today.

Question 32

Pre Federation (1860-1900) – Interactions (Gold Mining)

Answer 32

Early settler interactions remained during this time (farming, land clearing,
building etc.), on a large scale.

Question 33

Pre Federation (1860-1900) – Impacts

Answer 33

Erosion: Extensive land clearing lead to devastating erosion and run off effects.

Loss of habitat: For native species.

Introduced species: Destroyed vegetation, upset food webs, spread disease and
contributed to land degradation.

Question 34

Post Federation (1901-1990)

Answer 34

1901 saw the foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia-an independent
country rather than a British colony

With this came the pressure to build a self-sustained and independent nation

This period saw an increased need develop and manage the environments
resources sustainably

Question 35

Post Federation (1901-1990) – Perceptions

Answer 35

Perceptions based around ‘fear’ disappeared during this time. Generations had
now grown up here.

Conservation: A growing recognition of the need to protect and conserve for
future generations.

Question 36

Post Federation (1901-1990) – Interactions

Answer 36

National Transport Network: Established for interstate transportation of goods
and people, including both railways and roads.

Question 37

Post Federation (1901-1990) – Impacts

Answer 37

Salinity: Major environmental problem now.

Road and Rail: Loss of land for infrastructure, increased industrial, commercial
and urban practices.