Outcomes of pol stability Flashcards
consolidation of power-Burma
All powers were centred in Ne Win as the Chairman of Revolutionary Council and President of the Lansin Party. Elections were merely occasions for party propaganda and endorsement of party policies and candidates. Elections therefore did not enable political competition. As a result the RC was unchallenged from 1962-1988.
consolidation of power- Philippines
Under the 1973 Constitution, Marcos was allowed to exercise both the powers of the President and the Prime Minister during a period of emergency which lasted from 1972 to 1981, this granted Marcos unlimited executive power. Having such powers and the ability to manipulate constitutional and extra-constitutional norms consolidated his political power that went unchallenged from 1965-1986.
opposition suppressed by mil- burma
1974 student and worker demonstrations against lack of opportunities and low wages were met with the declaration of martial law in 1975 with further limited political activities. The Tatmadaw killed more than 100 in the demonstrations. This ensured the re-establishment of political order. The subsequent 8888 protests were also effectively put down and State law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) was established to restore order and stability.
suppressed by mil- Indonesia
1984 Tanjung Priok demonstrations were instigated in response to government attempts to limit the political activity of Islamic groups. ABRI opened fire and killed at least 28 demonstrators. The demonstrations ended when the government jailed 30 demonstrators. ABRI’s timely clampdowns ensured that Islam never constituted a serious domestic political threat to Suharto’s regime. There was similar success in putting down the 1974 Malari riots where the regime killed 11 and injured 200. The Kopkamtib arrested a further 770 people.
genuine pol participation, rights of groups- Msia
The 1971 Constitution bill ensured the constitutional entrenchment of Malay rights and their special privileged status in the country. The Bill branded as seditious any challenges to the constitution, especially to Malay rights. Politically, this had the effect of reducing the number of issues the opposition could discuss. Hence, the re-opening of parliament in 1971 also marked the tightening of political control under UMNO. As a result, the UMNO-led Barisan Nasional has retained its electoral dominance since independence ,well into the 1990s.
genuine pol participation, rights of groups- SG
Article 89 of the Constitution protects and highlights the special position of the Malays. Other formal schemes such as the 1988 Group Representation Constituencies Scheme which mandated the fielding of at least one minority candidate within a 3- to 5- member team. These methods won legitimacy for the ruling PAP among various groups, ensuring their electoral dominance since independence.
recurrence of demonstrations- Philippines
1970- demonstrations culminated in First Quarter storm which led to Marcos’ Authoritarian Backlash
1986 People’s power Revolution, resulted in fall of Marcos’ Dictatorship
recurrence of demonstratons- Indonesia
1974 Malari riots, Kopkamtib arrested 770 people, regime killed 11, 200 injured
1984 Tanjung Priok demonstrations, ABRI killed 28, jailed 30 demonstrators
1998 protests resutled in Suharto’s resignation
further instability followed after the removal of maximum leaders- Indonesia
After the removal of Suharto in 1998, there was the succession of 3 presidents from 1998-2004. However, while these presidents moved towards more open politics, open politics did not bring about political stability. In 1999, politics was certainly more open and competitive and as a result it was also more unstable than in the New Order, when Golkar hegemony was assured. Relatively more democratic politics had not brought about political stability. Social protests, violence among different groups, as well as separatist pressure continued to dominate the country
further instability followed after the removal of maximum leaders- Philippines
After Marcos’ fall in 1986, there was the succession of 3 presidents form 1986-2001. Despite Aquino developing a multi-party system to reduce the power of the elites, connected elites dominated the scene and political dynasties persisted. Admist democratic reforms, patron-client politics and pork-barrelling continued under Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada. Estrada was later ousted from office on 2001 in a second display of People Power.
