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Honors Biology > Outcome D > Flashcards

Outcome D Flashcards

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0
Q

Organelles

A

Structures that act like specialized organs, “little organs”

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1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Portion of a cell outside the nucleus

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2
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • large, sac-like, membrane-enclosed structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • in many plant cells, there is a large, central vacuole filled with liquid which increases their rigidity
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3
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • small organelles filled with enzymes
  • breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be re-used by the rest of the cell
  • also breaks down old organelles
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4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • network of protein filaments and microtubules that give eukaryotic cells their shape and internal organization
  • helps transport materials between different parts of the cell
  • involved in movement
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5
Q

Centrioles

A

Located near the nucleus and help organize cell division

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

In eukaryotic cells, where proteins move to after the rough ER

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • biological equivalents of solar power plants
  • captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into food in a process called photosynthesis
  • contains green pigment called chlorophyll
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10
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • power plants of cells

- has an inner and outer membrane

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11
Q

Cell wall

A
  • strong supporting layer around the membrane, only in plant cells
  • porous enough to allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through easily
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12
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Gives cell membrane a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings

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13
Q

Cell theory:

A
  • all living things are made up of cells
  • cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
  • new cells are produced from existing cells
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14
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • cells that do not enclose their genetic material in the nucleus
  • generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
  • grow, reproduce, and respond to the environment
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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • cells that enclose their genetic material in the nucleus
  • plants, animals, fungi, and Protista are eukaryotes
  • humans are made up of 50 trillion cells
  • larger and more complex
  • contains dozens of structures and internal membranes
16
Q

Do all cells contain the molecule that carries biological information (DNA)?

A

Yes

17
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  • protects and supports the cell
18
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
  • surrounded by a nucleur envelope composed of two membranes
  • dotted with thousands of nucleur pores which allow material to move in and out
  • proteins, RNA, and other molecules move through the nucleur pores to and from the rest of the cell
  • begins the assembly of ribosomes
19
Q

Microfilaments

A

Threadlike structures made up of a protein called actin

20
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes and makes proteins

21
Q

Smooth ER

A

Has no ribosomes and makes membrane lipids and is involved in the detoxification of drugs

22
Q

What is the order of protein transferring through different organelles?

A

rough ER - lysosomes - Golgi apparatus - out of the cell

23
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

24
Q

Diffusion

A

Process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

25
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

26
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The force a cell exerts in a net movement of water out or into a cell

27
Q

Hypertonic

A

The area of higher solute concentration

28
Q

Hypotonic

A

The area of lower solute concentration

29
Q

Isotonic

A

When both areas have the same solute concentration

30
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passage of molecules that can directly diffuse across the membrane through special protein channels

31
Q

Aquaporins

A

Cell membrane proteins that allow water to pass through the cell membrane

32
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of materials against a concentration gradient and requires energy

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of taking materials into the cell by means of unfolding a or pockets of the cell membrane

Honors Biology (5 decks)

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