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Honors Biology > Outcome C > Flashcards

Outcome C Flashcards

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0
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle (-) with less mass than a proton

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Made up of protons and neutrons

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2
Q

Atom

A

Basic unit of matter

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3
Q

Element

A

Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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4
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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5
Q

Compound

A

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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6
Q

Ionic bond

A

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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7
Q

Ions

A

Positively and negatively charged atoms

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8
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms sharing two electrons

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9
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest unit of most compounds

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10
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Attraction between molecules that are close together

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11
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another water molecule

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12
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of different substances

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13
Q

Mixture

A

Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

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14
Q

Solution

A

All components are evenly distributed

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15
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved

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16
Q

Solvent

A

Substance in which the solute dissolves

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17
Q

Suspensions

A

Mixtures of water and nondissolved material

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18
Q

pH scale

A

Measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution

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19
Q

Acid

A

Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

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20
Q

Base

A

Compound that produces hydroxide ( OH-) ions in solution

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21
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

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22
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller compounds

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23
Q

Polymers

A

Larger compounds made up of monomers

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1

25
Q

Monosaccharides

A

(Mahn oh SAK uh rydz) single sugar molecules

26
Q

Lipids

A

Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms

27
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

28
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • a five-carbon sugar
    • a phosphate group (-PO4)
    • nitrogenous base
29
Q

Proteins

A

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

30
Q

Amino acid

A

Compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxylate group (-COOH) on the other end

31
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

32
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

33
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

A
  • carbon 1
  • hydrogen 2
  • oxygen 1
34
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose

35
Q

Name examples of carbohydrates

A
  • fructose
  • sugar
  • starch
  • glucose
  • sucrose
  • maltose
36
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A
  • main source of energy

- structural purposes

37
Q

What elements are lipids made of?

A
  • carbon

- hydrogen

38
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Glycerol

39
Q

Name examples of lipids

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • waxes
40
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A
  • store energy

- waterproof coverings

41
Q

Name examples of nucleic acids

A
  • ribonucleic acid (RNA)

- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

42
Q

What is the function of nucleic acid?

A
  • stores and transmits hereditary/genetic info
43
Q

How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have?

A

4

44
Q

What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?

A

Valence electrons

45
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules in living cells

46
Q

Polymerization

A

Process that forms large organic molecules

47
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

48
Q

Reactants

A

Elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction

49
Q

Products

A

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

50
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

51
Q

Substrates

A

The reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

52
Q

Double bond

A

Atoms that share four electrons

53
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

54
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

When each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond

55
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

At least one double bond in a fatty acid

56
Q

What 4 levels of structured do proteins have?

A

1) Primary structure - the sequence of its amino acids
2) Secondary structure - the folding or coiling of the polypetide chain
3) Tertiary structure - complete, 3D arrangement of a polypetide chain
4) Quaternary structure - proteins with more than one chain have a fourth level

57
Q

What elements are proteins made of?

A
  • nitrogen
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
57
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

57
Q

Name examples of proteins

A
  • meat
  • muscle
  • bones
57
Q

What is the function of protein?

A
  • controls the rate of reaction and regulates cell processes
  • forms important cell structures
  • transports substances into or out of cells to help or fight diseases
57
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

Honors Biology (5 decks)

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