Outcome C Flashcards by Hidaya Gabr

Electron

Negatively charged particle (-) with less mass than a proton

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Nucleus

Made up of protons and neutrons

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Atom

Basic unit of matter

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Element

Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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Compound

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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Ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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Ions

Positively and negatively charged atoms

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Covalent bond

Atoms sharing two electrons

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Molecule

Smallest unit of most compounds

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Van der Waals forces

Attraction between molecules that are close together

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Hydrogen bond

Attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another water molecule

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Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances

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Mixture

Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

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Solution

All components are evenly distributed

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Solute

Substance that is dissolved

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Solvent

Substance in which the solute dissolves

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Suspensions

Mixtures of water and nondissolved material

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pH scale

Measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution

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Acid

Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

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Base

Compound that produces hydroxide ( OH-) ions in solution

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Buffers

Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

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Monomers

Smaller compounds

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Polymers

Larger compounds made up of monomers

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Carbohydrates

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1

Monosaccharides

(Mahn oh SAK uh rydz) single sugar molecules

Lipids

Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Nucleotides

- a five-carbon sugar - a phosphate group (-PO4) - nitrogenous base

Proteins

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Amino acid

Compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxylate group (-COOH) on the other end

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

- carbon 1 - hydrogen 2 - oxygen 1

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Glucose

Name examples of carbohydrates

- fructose - sugar - starch - glucose - sucrose - maltose

What is the function of carbohydrates?

- main source of energy | - structural purposes

What elements are lipids made of?

- carbon | - hydrogen

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Glycerol

Name examples of lipids

- fats - oils - waxes

What is the function of lipids?

- store energy | - waterproof coverings

Name examples of nucleic acids

- ribonucleic acid (RNA) | - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What is the function of nucleic acid?

- stores and transmits hereditary/genetic info

How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have?

What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?

Valence electrons

Macromolecules

Large molecules in living cells

Polymerization

Process that forms large organic molecules

Chemical reaction

Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Reactants

Elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction

Products

Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Substrates

The reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Double bond

Atoms that share four electrons

Organic chemistry

The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

Saturated fatty acid

When each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond

Unsaturated fatty acid

At least one double bond in a fatty acid

What 4 levels of structured do proteins have?

1) Primary structure - the sequence of its amino acids 2) Secondary structure - the folding or coiling of the polypetide chain 3) Tertiary structure - complete, 3D arrangement of a polypetide chain 4) Quaternary structure - proteins with more than one chain have a fourth level

What elements are proteins made of?

- nitrogen - carbon - hydrogen - oxygen

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

Name examples of proteins

- meat - muscle - bones

What is the function of protein?

- controls the rate of reaction and regulates cell processes - forms important cell structures - transports substances into or out of cells to help or fight diseases

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides