Outcome 1 Notes: Cell Needs, Processes and Disturbances Flashcards
Study of living cells
Cytology
Study of shapes + sizes of cells
Morphology
Cell theory
- Basic living unit
- Arise from pre-existing cells
- Organisms are made of 1+ cells
Group of similar cells working together
Tissue
Structure made of a variety of tissues working together
Organ
Group of organs working together
System
6 life processes of the human cell
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
Sum of all chemical reactions within body cells
Metabolism
Breaks molecules to release energy
Catabolism (deconstructive)
Uses energy to make body structure + allow function
Anabolism (constructive)
Sense stimuli in the environment (inside/outside)
Responsiveness
All activities of the whole body
Movement
Increase size of body part/organism via increase in:
- # cells
- size of cells
- substance surrounding cells
Growth
Anabolic (constructive) activities occurring faster than catabolic (deconstructive) activities
True growth
Increase size of existing cells
Hypertrophy
Increase number of cells
Hyperplasia
Unspecialized cells becoming specialized cells
Differentiation
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement (cell division) or creation of new individual
Reproduction
5 survival needs of the human cell
- to maintain homeostasis
- Food
- Oxygen
- Water
- Body temperature
- Atmospheric pressure
Decrease size of organ/tissue
- “wasting away”
Atrophy
Cells lose appearance of parent cells
- resembles undifferentiated/embryonic cells
- immature cell form
- most malignant tumors
Anaplasia
Change in cell size, shape, or arrangement due to chronic irritation/inflammation
- sign of early neoplasm (between hyperplasia + neoplasia)
Dysplasia
Mature cell transformed into another type
Metaplasia
State of hypoxia/reduction of blood flow deprives cell of oxygen
- ex. angina
Ischemia
Absence of oxygen results in cell death/necrosis
- ex. myocardial infarction
Anoxia
5 physical agents that can injure the cell
- Heat
- Cold
- Trauma
- Radiation
- Electric shock
6 causes of cell injury
- Ischemia
- Anoxia
- Physical agents
- Chemical agents
- Infiltration
- Microorganisms
Substance that normally does not enter the cell passes through cell filters and interfere with ability to function
Infiltration
5 microorganisms that can injure the cell
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Virus
- Protozoa
- Helminths
