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Physical Education > Outcome 1 > Flashcards

Outcome 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The limb bones and girdle that connects other parts of the body to the Axial. 126 bones

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2
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connecting bones to bones

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3
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Shock absorbing gel between joints

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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

Connects bone to muscle

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5
Q

Anatomical term- superior

A

Closer to the head

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6
Q

Anatomical term- inferior

A

Closer to the feet

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7
Q

Anatomical term- anterior/ventral

A

Front

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8
Q

Anatomical term- posterior/dorsal

A

Back

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9
Q

Anatomical term- medial

A

Imaginary midline

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10
Q

Anatomical term- lateral

A

Away from the imaginary midline

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11
Q

Anatomical term- proximal

A

Part closer to attachment point

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12
Q

Anatomical term- distal

A

Further away from attachment point

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13
Q

Anatomical term- superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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14
Q

Anatomical term- deep

A

Internal

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15
Q

Anatomical term- palmer

A

Palm side of the foot

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16
Q

Anatomical term- plantar

A

Sole side of the foot

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fixed/fibrous (no movement)
Cartilaginous (minimal movement)
Synovial (free movement)

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18
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints and an example for each

A 
Pivot (neck)
Gliding (carpals/tarsals)
Ball and socket (hip/shoulder)
Hinge (knee)
Saddle (thumb)
Condyloid (wrist)
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19
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A 
Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
Smooth muscle (involuntary) 
Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
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20
Q

What are the muscle functions?

A 
Movement
Protection
Posture/support 
Essential bodily functions (pump blood)
Produce heat
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21
Q

Explain fusiform muscle fibres and give an example

A

Fibres run in the same direction as the tendon. They are fast fibres but create low amounts of force. Eg. Bicep brachii

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22
Q

Explain penniform muscle fibres and give an example for each

A

Unipennate fibres branch out from one side of the tendon (bicep femoris)
Bipennate muscle fibres branch out from both sides of the tendon (gastrocnemius)
Multipennate fibres branch out repeatedly from multiple tendons (deltoid)

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23
Q

What are three differences between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibres?

A

Slow twitch fibres are best suited for aerobic endurance work, whereas fast twitch are predominantly for anaerobic short bit high intensity work. Slow twitch have a slow contraction speed and fast twitch have a fast contraction speed. Fast twitch have type 2 fibres, meaning that type 2A can adapt properties of slow twitch and 2B are purely fast twitch.

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24
Q

Explain an isotonic contraction

A

There are 2 movements within an isotonic contraction. A concentric movement (muscle shortens) whilst an eccentric movement occurs (muscle lengthens). They work in pairs (reciprocal inhibition)

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25
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle length stays the same through the movement. Tension is developed as this contraction has the higher amount of force but creates lots of fatigue. Eg. Wall sit

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26
Q

Explain an isokinetic contraction

A

An isokinetic contraction is against resistance through the whole range of motion. The machine force is equalised by the machine to the amount of force you produce.

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27
Q

What is the origin in relation to muscle attachment?

A

The site the muscle is attached to stable the bone for the muscle to pull against

28
Q

What is insertion in relation to muscle attachment?

A

It’s the site the muscle attaches to bone that is pulled by the action of the muscle. This is usually attached to a separate part to the body (either above or below)

29
Q

What is a stabiliser in regards to muscle attachment?

A

A stabiliser contracts to provide stability to the origin. For instance, the trapezius contracts to stabilise the scapula for bicep brachii to pull for a bicep curl.

30
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

The movement that occurs when both muscle work together to create a movement.

31
Q

What are the two roles within reciprocal inhibition that help a muscle movement to occur?

A

An agonist muscle will contract to create the movement whilst at the same time, the antagonist is the muscle that relaxes whilst the other contracts.

32
Q

What can happen if reciprocal inhibition did not occur?

A

If this wasn’t the case, you would be snapping the antagonist at the commencement of a movement because it would still be contracted rather than relaxed.

33
Q

How are muscle contractions initiated?

A

Muscles create movement by pulling on the bones which the attach to. Messages are sent from the brain to the muscle to initiate movement.

34
Q

Outline the general process of how a muscular contraction occurs.

A

A message is sent from the brain which travels through the spinal chord as electrical impulses via motor neurons. The motor neurons stimulate muscular contraction as the impulse passes through the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to reach the muscle fibre.

35
Q

Explain the role of sensory neurons and compare this to motor neurons

A

Sensory neurons are impulses conducted from the muscle to the brain. The brain uses these impulses from sensory neurons to respond to stimuli. This is different to motor neurons, as they carry impulses from the brain to the muscle via the central nervous system.

36
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor unit is the motor neurons plus the muscle fibre. The amount of muscle fibres within each movement can vary depending on how fine/gross the movement is. One motor unit can be responsible for stimulating different amounts of fibres depending on the size of the movement.

37
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The synapse is the junction between two neurons or between neurons and a muscle fibre.

38
Q

Explain the all or nothing principle

A

There must ba a certain threshold for a muscular contraction between the nerve impulses and the muscle fibre. If the nerve impulse is strong enough, the contraction will occur maximally. Although, if the impulse is too weak, no fibre will contract. For gross actions, maximal muscle fibres are recruited (this is opposite to fine actions)

39
Q

What are the two ways that can vary the intensity of muscle contractions?

A

Varying the number of motor units stimulated OR varying the frequency at which nerve impulses arrive at the muscle.

40
Q

What is preferential recruitment?

A

The body recruits fibres according to the activity demand. The intensity of the task determines which muscle fibre type is recruited.

41
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

Heart, blood and blood vessels

42
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Circulates blood to all parts of the body, transports oxygen/water/nutrients to the cell, transports waste (including CO2) away from cells, helps fight diseases through white blood cells and antibodies in blood.

43
Q

Explain the process of the heart

A

Deoxygenate blood enters the heart though the superior/inferior vena cava and goes to the right atrium. It then passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle where it contracts and goes to the pulmonary artery and out to the lungs to be oxygenated. From there it returns to the heart from the pulmonary veins and to the left atrium. It passes through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle where it then goes to the aorta and out to the body.

44
Q

Explain the term ‘systole’

A

Systole is when the heart contracts and forces blood out of the heart via the ventricle into the arteries.

45
Q

Explain the term ‘diastole’

A

Diastole is when the heart relaxes and fills with blood from the veins.

46
Q

What is the cardiac cycle process?

A

Atria contracts, ventricle relaxes, ventricle contracts, atria relaxes

47
Q

What are the three measurements of the heart?

A

Heart rate - the amount of times the heart beats per minute
Stroke volume - the amount of blood pumped by each beat of the heart
Cardiac output - the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

48
Q

What is blood responsible for?

A

The transportation of gases (O2/CO2), fuels such as glucose and minerals.

Protection against infection and dehydration.

Maintaining homeostasis (temperature and pH levels within the body)

49
Q

What are the percentages for plasma as a blood component?

A

Within the 55% plasma volume…
91% is liquid water
7% is soluble blood proteins
2% is hormones/electrolytes/nutrients

50
Q

What are the percentages within the cellular component of blood?

A

Within the 45% of the cellular component…
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

51
Q

Functions of red blood cells

A

Give blood its colour, produced in bone marrow, haemoglobin is essential in oxygen transport from lungs to cell

52
Q

Functions of white blood cells

A

Fight infections by absorbing the disease, produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue, spleen.

53
Q

Function of platelets

A

Clot blood to prevent excessive bleeding, produced in bone marrow.

54
Q

Functions of plasma

A

The fluid that blood cells/nutrients/waste float in. Mostly made up of water and contains fibrinogen which assists with clotting

55
Q

Wha are blood vessels and explain the vascular network.

A

Blood vessels are the passage to which all blood flows to all parts of the body. The vascular network follows…

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

56
Q

List 5 acute responses to physical activity.

A 
Fatigue 
Sweating
Increase stroke volume
Increase heart rate
Increase body temperature
57
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The main support of the body, that includes the skill and vertebral column. 80 bones in total

58
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A 
Oxygen from atmosphere to lungs
Oxygen from lungs to blood
Remove CO2 from blood
Expel heat and water vapour when breathing out 
Vocal cords creating speech
59
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration is the movement of oxygen from the environment to the lungs. It’s a big movement

Where’s expiration is the movement of CO2 out of the lungs to external air. It’s a small movement

60
Q

Pathway of oxygen and CO2

A
  1. Nasal cavity - warms/filters air
  2. Pharynx - back of throat
  3. Larynx - air passes over voice box, creates speech
  4. Trachea - delivers oxygen to lungs
  5. Bronchi - deliver oxygen to lungs
  6. Bronchioles - smaller branches that deliver oxygen to alveoli
  7. Alveoli - diffusion of oxygen into capillaries of bloodstream
61
Q

Explain gaseous exchange

A

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries of the blood stream. (CO2 diffuses from blood stream into lungs.) the oxygen diffuses from capillary to the cells in the muscle. High o2 goes to low o2 concentration. (Co2 opposes to this)

62
Q

What is the respiratory rate?

A

RR is the amount of breaths per minute. Can go from 12 to 30 with exercise

63
Q

Explain tidal volume

A

The air breathed in and out with each breath. 0.5L to 3-5L

64
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Amount of air breathed per minute. Ventilation = tidal volume X respiratory rate

65
Q

Explain VO2 maximum

A

Relates to how much oxygen your body can take in. Increases with training.

66
Q

Explain AVO2 difference

A

The difference in the amount of oxygen in tech veins compared to the arteries. Shows how much oxygen the muscle has used. Arteries - veins = AVO2 difference

Physical Education (3 decks)

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