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Disease Detectives > Outbreak Investigation > Flashcards

Outbreak Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in solving health problems during an outbreak investigation?

A

Collect Data – Surveillance, determine Time/Place/Person triad

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2
Q

What is the second step in solving health problems during an outbreak investigation?

A

Assessment - Inference

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3
Q

What is the third step in solving health problems during an outbreak investigation?

A

Hypothesis testing – Determine how and why

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4
Q

What is the fourth step in solving health problems during an outbreak investigation?

A

Action - Intervention

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5
Q

What are the types of experimental studies in epidemiology?

A

Clinical Trials for Individuals and Community Trials for Communities

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6
Q

What is a Cohort Study?

A

The epidemiologist records whether each study participant is exposed or not, and then tracks the participants to see if they develop the disease of interest.

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7
Q

What is a Case Control Study?

A

Investigators start by enrolling a group of people with the disease (case patients) and a comparison group without the disease (control) to compare previous exposure between the groups.

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8
Q

What is a Cross Sectional Study?

A

A sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously.

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9
Q

What is an Ecological Study?

A

A study in which at least one variable, either an exposure or the outcome, is measured at the group level.

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10
Q

What are the steps in the Scientific Method related to Disease Detectives?

A

Obtain Background Information, Define the Problem, Formulate Hypothesis, Develop a Study to Test the Hypothesis, Collect Data and Observations, Evaluate Results, Determine if Hypothesis is true/modify, Formulate Conclusions, Report Results.

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11
Q

What is the first step of an outbreak investigation?

A

Prepare for Field Work

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12
Q

What does Step 2 of an outbreak investigation involve?

A

Establish the Existence of an Outbreak

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13
Q

What is Step 3 of an outbreak investigation?

A

Verify the Diagnosis

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14
Q

What is a working case definition?

A

Establish with the 4 components: Clinical information, Characteristics of affected people, Location or place, Time sequence.

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15
Q

What is Step 5 of an outbreak investigation?

A

Find cases systematically and record information

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16
Q

What is included in the data collection form for case finding?

A

Identifying information, Demographic information, Clinical information, Risk factor information, Reporter information.

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17
Q

What is Step 6 of an outbreak investigation?

A

Perform Descriptive Epidemiology - Describe and Orient the Data in Terms of Time, Place and Person

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18
Q

What is an Epidemic Curve?

A

A histogram showing the course of the disease or outbreak to identify the source of the exposure.

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19
Q

What is the Agent/Host/Environment triad?

A

Agent capable of causing disease, Host or persons susceptible to agent, Environment allowing them to get together.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of evaluating hypotheses epidemiologically?

A

To compare with established fact and validate a hypothesis with lab verification.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Cohort and Case-Control studies?

A

Cohort studies move forward from exposure to outcome, while Case-Control studies work backward from effect to suspected cause.

22
Q

What is Relative Risk?

A

Estimates the likelihood of developing the disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group.

23
Q

What does a Relative Risk of 1.0 indicate?

A

The incidence rates of disease in the exposed group is equal to the incidence rates in the unexposed group.

24
Q

What is the Odds Ratio?

A

Calculated to evaluate the possible agents & vehicles of transmission in a Case-Control study.

25
Q

What are potential types of error in experimental design?

A

False Relationships and Non-Causal Relationships.

26
Q

What is Selection Bias?

A

Occurs when study subjects are selected due to a third unmeasured variable associated with both exposure and outcome.

27
Q

What is Confounding?

A

The co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors that may lead to overestimating or underestimating the true association.

28
Q

What is admission to a hospital?

A

Admission to a hospital includes those with a disease, those without the disease but with symptoms, and those with only the characteristics of the disease.

29
Q

What is information bias?

A

Information bias occurs from systematic error in the assessment of a variable.

Examples include response bias, interviewer bias, and recall bias.

30
Q

What is confounding?

A

Confounding is the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors that may lead to overestimating or underestimating the true association between exposure and outcome.

31
Q

What is an example of a confounding variable?

A

A confounding variable can be pollution, which can cause the disease under study (cancer) and is also associated with the exposure (smoking).

32
Q

What is the first step in reconsidering hypotheses?

A

If there is no confirmation of the hypothesis, it may be necessary to look for a new vehicle or mode of transmission.

33
Q

What does it mean to be more specific in case studies?

A

Being more specific may involve refining the makeup of case patients and controls.

34
Q

What is the importance of comparing with laboratory and environmental studies?

A

Verification with controlled conditions is crucial to validate hypotheses.

35
Q

What can epidemiology do?

A

Epidemiology can implicate vehicles and guide appropriate health care action.

36
Q

What is needed to validate a hypothesis?

A

Laboratory verification is needed to confirm findings.

37
Q

What is the role of environmental studies?

A

Environmental studies can help explain why an outbreak occurred and provide evidence for laboratory analysis.

38
Q

What supports the isolation of the same pathogen?

A

Isolating the same pathogen from a case patient and an epi-linked source is supportive.

39
Q

What is the Bradford Hill criterion for strength of association?

A

The stronger the association between a risk factor and outcome, the more likely the relationship is to be causal.

40
Q

What does consistency of findings refer to?

A

Consistency of findings means the same results must be observed among different populations, study designs, and times.

41
Q

What does specificity of the association mean?

A

There must be a one-to-one relationship between cause and outcome.

42
Q

What is the temporal sequence of association?

A

Exposure must precede the outcome.

43
Q

What is the biological gradient?

A

Change in disease rates should follow from corresponding changes in exposure (dose-response).

44
Q

What is biological plausibility?

A

Biological plausibility refers to the presence of a potential biological mechanism.

45
Q

What does coherence refer to in the Bradford Hill criteria?

A

Coherence means the relationship agrees with current knowledge of the natural history and biology of the disease.

46
Q

What is the experiment criterion?

A

The removal of the exposure should alter the frequency of the outcome.

47
Q

What should be done as soon as the source is known?

A

Control and prevention measures should be implemented immediately to help those affected.

48
Q

What is the aim of control measures?

A

The aim is to break the chain of transmission at any of its three points: agent, source, and host.

49
Q

What is the importance of surveillance after implementing control measures?

A

Surveillance must continue to monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control measures.

50
Q

What should be communicated to local health officials?

A

An oral briefing should inform them as soon as information is available.

51
Q

What is the purpose of a written report?

A

A written report is usually done in scientific format for future reference and legal purposes.

52
Q

How do health departments communicate findings?

A

Health departments strive to communicate directly with the public, usually through the media.

Disease Detectives (3 decks)

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