Background and Survellience

Question 1

What is the primary focus of the Clinical Approach in health care?

Answer 1

The primary focus is on individuals, specifically in the diagnosis and treatment of illness.

Question 2

What is the primary focus of the Public Health Approach in health care?

Answer 2

The primary focus is on populations, emphasizing control and prevention of disease.

Question 3

What are the key differences between Public Health and Clinical Medicine?

Answer 3

Public Health focuses on populations and prevention, while Clinical Medicine focuses on individuals and treatment.

Question 4

What is Descriptive Epidemiology?

Answer 4

Descriptive Epidemiology refers to studies that generate hypotheses and answer the questions who, what, when, and where of a disease.

Question 5

What is Analytical Epidemiology?

Answer 5

Analytical Epidemiology refers to studies conducted to test hypotheses and generate conclusions about a particular disease.

Question 6

What is the definition of Epidemiology?

Answer 6

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.

Question 7

What are the main components of the Public Health Approach?

Answer 7

The main components include Surveillance, Risk Factor Identification, Intervention Evaluation, and Implementation.

Question 8

What is an epidemic?

Answer 8

An epidemic is the occurrence of cases of an illness in a community or region clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

Question 9

What is a pandemic?

Answer 9

A pandemic is an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, usually affecting a large proportion of the population.

Question 10

What are the major health determinants?

Answer 10

The major health determinants include genes and biology, health behaviors, social and societal characteristics, and access to health services.

Question 11

What is the Health Impact Pyramid?

Answer 11

The Health Impact Pyramid is a framework for public health action that categorizes public health issues by their impact.

Question 12

What is the role of the Chain of Infection?

Answer 12

The Chain of Infection is a model used to understand the infection process, where each link must be present for an infection to occur.

Question 13

What are the steps in solving health problems?

Answer 13

The steps include Collecting Data, Assessment, Hypothesis Testing, and Action.

Question 14

What is the Natural History of Disease?

Answer 14

The Natural History of Disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time in the absence of treatment.

Question 15

What is the purpose of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice?

Answer 15

The purposes include determining health factors, evaluating health programs, and identifying at-risk populations.

Question 16

What is the difference between Experimental and Observational Studies?

Answer 16

In Experimental Studies, investigators control factors; in Observational Studies, they do not.

Question 17

What is a risk factor?

Answer 17

A risk factor is the probability that an individual will be affected by or die from an illness or injury within a stated time or age span.

Question 18

What is a fomite?

Answer 18

A fomite is a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.

Question 19

What is mutualism in symbiotic relationships?

Answer 19

Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit.

Question 20

What is the incubation period?

Answer 20

The incubation period is the time from exposure to the onset of disease symptoms.

Question 21

What is a Portal of Entry?

Answer 21

An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.

Question 22

What is a Susceptible Host?

Answer 22

A person who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection.

Question 23

What is a vector?

Answer 23

An animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

Question 24

What is a fomite?

Answer 24

A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.

Example: A comb infested with one or more head lice or dust particles containing infectious cold virus.

Question 25

What is zoonosis?

Answer 25

An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.

Question 26

What are some examples of infectious agents?

Answer 26

Microbes which can be infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, parasitic worms, and other pathogenic agents such as prions.

Question 27

Who are more vulnerable to becoming susceptible hosts?

Answer 27

The young, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.

Question 28

What environments can bring the agent and host together?

Answer 28

Contaminated food, mosquito bites, inhalation of agents, or contact between two people.

Question 29

What is an Infectious Dose?

Answer 29

The amount of pathogen required to cause an infection in the host, varying according to the pathogenic agent and the consumer's age and overall health.

Question 30

What is the Period of Communicability?

Answer 30

The period when you are infectious and can spread your germs to an uninfected person.

Question 31

What is contamination?

Answer 31

When a potentially infectious agent exists in the host but has not yet invaded the tissues of the host.

Question 32

What is infection?

Answer 32

When the infectious agent begins its invasion of the host tissue and its rapid multiplication.

Question 33

What is disease?

Answer 33

When the cumulative effects of the infection cause damage in the tissues.

Question 34

What does Infectivity refer to?

Answer 34

The proportion of exposed persons who become infected.

Question 35

What does Pathogenicity refer to?

Answer 35

The proportion of infected persons who develop clinical disease.

Question 36

What does Virulence refer to?

Answer 36

The proportion of persons with clinical disease who become severely ill or die.

Question 37

What is incidence?

Answer 37

Rate of occurrence of an event; number of new cases of disease occurring over a specified period of time.

Question 38

What is prevalence?

Answer 38

Number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time.

Question 39

What is Public Health Surveillance?

Answer 39

The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.

Question 40

What is the goal of Public Health Surveillance?

Answer 40

Provide information that can be used for health action by public health personnel, government leaders, and the public.

Question 41

What are the purposes of Surveillance?

Answer 41

Assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate programs, and stimulate research.

Question 42

What are some uses of surveillance?

Answer 42

Identify patients and their contacts, detect epidemics, estimate health problem magnitude, measure trends, and assess program effectiveness.

Question 43

What is the first step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

Answer 43

Data Collection including reported diseases, electronic health records, vital records, registries, and surveys.

Question 44

What is the second step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

Answer 44

Data Analysis by place to examine reports.

Question 45

What is the third step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

Answer 45

Data Interpretation to determine how and why the health event happened.

Question 46

What is the fourth step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

Answer 46

Data Dissemination to distribute information to those who need to know.

Question 47

What is the fifth step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

Answer 47

Link to Action - without action, the collected data serve no real purpose.

Question 48

What is Passive Surveillance?

Answer 48

Diseases are reported to health care providers; simple and inexpensive but limited by reporting incompleteness. ## Footnote Example: A physician diagnoses measles and contacts the local health department.

Question 49

What is Active Surveillance?

Answer 49

Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports; ensures more complete reporting. ## Footnote Example: Following up on a measles case report to find additional cases.

Question 50

What is Sentinel Surveillance?

Answer 50

Reporting of health events by selected health professionals to monitor trends or key health indicators.

Question 51

What is Syndromic Surveillance?

Answer 51

Focuses on symptoms rather than diagnosed diseases to detect or anticipate outbreaks. ## Footnote Example: Monitoring school absenteeism during an influenza outbreak.