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Disease Detectives > Background and Survellience > Flashcards

Background and Survellience Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary focus of the Clinical Approach in health care?

A

The primary focus is on individuals, specifically in the diagnosis and treatment of illness.

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2
Q

What is the primary focus of the Public Health Approach in health care?

A

The primary focus is on populations, emphasizing control and prevention of disease.

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3
Q

What are the key differences between Public Health and Clinical Medicine?

A

Public Health focuses on populations and prevention, while Clinical Medicine focuses on individuals and treatment.

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4
Q

What is Descriptive Epidemiology?

A

Descriptive Epidemiology refers to studies that generate hypotheses and answer the questions who, what, when, and where of a disease.

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5
Q

What is Analytical Epidemiology?

A

Analytical Epidemiology refers to studies conducted to test hypotheses and generate conclusions about a particular disease.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Epidemiology?

A

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.

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7
Q

What are the main components of the Public Health Approach?

A

The main components include Surveillance, Risk Factor Identification, Intervention Evaluation, and Implementation.

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8
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

An epidemic is the occurrence of cases of an illness in a community or region clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

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9
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A pandemic is an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, usually affecting a large proportion of the population.

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10
Q

What are the major health determinants?

A

The major health determinants include genes and biology, health behaviors, social and societal characteristics, and access to health services.

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11
Q

What is the Health Impact Pyramid?

A

The Health Impact Pyramid is a framework for public health action that categorizes public health issues by their impact.

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12
Q

What is the role of the Chain of Infection?

A

The Chain of Infection is a model used to understand the infection process, where each link must be present for an infection to occur.

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13
Q

What are the steps in solving health problems?

A

The steps include Collecting Data, Assessment, Hypothesis Testing, and Action.

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14
Q

What is the Natural History of Disease?

A

The Natural History of Disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time in the absence of treatment.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice?

A

The purposes include determining health factors, evaluating health programs, and identifying at-risk populations.

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16
Q

What is the difference between Experimental and Observational Studies?

A

In Experimental Studies, investigators control factors; in Observational Studies, they do not.

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17
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A risk factor is the probability that an individual will be affected by or die from an illness or injury within a stated time or age span.

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18
Q

What is a fomite?

A

A fomite is a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.

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19
Q

What is mutualism in symbiotic relationships?

A

Mutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit.

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20
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The incubation period is the time from exposure to the onset of disease symptoms.

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21
Q

What is a Portal of Entry?

A

An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.

22
Q

What is a Susceptible Host?

A

A person who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection.

23
Q

What is a vector?

A

An animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

24
Q

What is a fomite?

A

A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.

Example: A comb infested with one or more head lice or dust particles containing infectious cold virus.

25
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.

26
Q

What are some examples of infectious agents?

A

Microbes which can be infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, parasitic worms, and other pathogenic agents such as prions.

27
Q

Who are more vulnerable to becoming susceptible hosts?

A

The young, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.

28
Q

What environments can bring the agent and host together?

A

Contaminated food, mosquito bites, inhalation of agents, or contact between two people.

29
Q

What is an Infectious Dose?

A

The amount of pathogen required to cause an infection in the host, varying according to the pathogenic agent and the consumer’s age and overall health.

30
Q

What is the Period of Communicability?

A

The period when you are infectious and can spread your germs to an uninfected person.

31
Q

What is contamination?

A

When a potentially infectious agent exists in the host but has not yet invaded the tissues of the host.

32
Q

What is infection?

A

When the infectious agent begins its invasion of the host tissue and its rapid multiplication.

33
Q

What is disease?

A

When the cumulative effects of the infection cause damage in the tissues.

34
Q

What does Infectivity refer to?

A

The proportion of exposed persons who become infected.

35
Q

What does Pathogenicity refer to?

A

The proportion of infected persons who develop clinical disease.

36
Q

What does Virulence refer to?

A

The proportion of persons with clinical disease who become severely ill or die.

37
Q

What is incidence?

A

Rate of occurrence of an event; number of new cases of disease occurring over a specified period of time.

38
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time.

39
Q

What is Public Health Surveillance?

A

The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.

40
Q

What is the goal of Public Health Surveillance?

A

Provide information that can be used for health action by public health personnel, government leaders, and the public.

41
Q

What are the purposes of Surveillance?

A

Assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate programs, and stimulate research.

42
Q

What are some uses of surveillance?

A

Identify patients and their contacts, detect epidemics, estimate health problem magnitude, measure trends, and assess program effectiveness.

43
Q

What is the first step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

A

Data Collection including reported diseases, electronic health records, vital records, registries, and surveys.

44
Q

What is the second step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

A

Data Analysis by place to examine reports.

45
Q

What is the third step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

A

Data Interpretation to determine how and why the health event happened.

46
Q

What is the fourth step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

A

Data Dissemination to distribute information to those who need to know.

47
Q

What is the fifth step in the Public Health Surveillance Process?

A

Link to Action - without action, the collected data serve no real purpose.

48
Q

What is Passive Surveillance?

A

Diseases are reported to health care providers; simple and inexpensive but limited by reporting incompleteness.

Example: A physician diagnoses measles and contacts the local health department.

49
Q

What is Active Surveillance?

A

Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports; ensures more complete reporting.

Example: Following up on a measles case report to find additional cases.

50
Q

What is Sentinel Surveillance?

A

Reporting of health events by selected health professionals to monitor trends or key health indicators.

51
Q

What is Syndromic Surveillance?

A

Focuses on symptoms rather than diagnosed diseases to detect or anticipate outbreaks.

Example: Monitoring school absenteeism during an influenza outbreak.

Disease Detectives (3 decks)

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