'Out'

Question 1

What is Fluosol?

Answer 1

Artificial blood
doesn’t have the immune function

Question 2

What are steps in blood clotting?

Answer 2

1. platelet strikes a torn blood vessel
2. platelet breaks and releases thromboplastin
3. Ca+ and thromboplastin activate prothrombin creating thrombin
4. This splices fibrinogen into fibrin
5. Wraps around cut and seals it.

Question 3

What are antigens?

Answer 3

Proteins located on cells
A,B, RH

Question 4

What are antibodies?

Answer 4

plasma proteins that target and bind to antigens for destruction.

Question 5

What antigens and antibodies does an AB type have?

Answer 5

A,B Antigens no antibodies
universal recipient because your body does not have any antibodies to attack with.

Question 6

What antigens and antibodies does an O type have?

Answer 6

No antigens and AB antibodies
Universal donor because your blood can be given to anyone since there is no antigens to attack on the RBC.

Question 7

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

Answer 7

When the baby is created with Rh+ cells and the mother is Rh- this means the Rh+ antibodies will attack the fetus and kill it.

Question 8

What is the First Line of Defence?

Answer 8

Non specific and external
skin, mucus, stomach, and tears.

Question 9

What is the Second Line of Defence?

Answer 9

Non specific and internal
Inflammatory response
increased amount of stuff at wound
Fever
increase in body temperature to kill pathogens
Phagocytes
Dendritic cells
presents antigens to helper t cells
Macrophages
eats microbes

Question 10

What are protective proteins?

Answer 10

prevents the multiplication of bacteria and viruses

Question 11

What are interferon cells?

Answer 11

interferes with the infection of healthy cells

Question 12

What is the Third Line of Defence?

Answer 12

Specific
The helper t cells activate the B cells to create antibodies. It also activates the cytotoxic t cells which specifically kill the pathogen. The suppressor t cells prevent the killer t cells from attacking the body.

Question 13

What are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 13

Excretion
Homeostasis: maintains the pH of blood
Hormone synthesis: erythropoietin
Metabolism: filtration

Question 14

What happens in the kidney?

Answer 14

Filtration (glomerulus): all materials enter
plasma proteins and RBC are too big enough
Reabsorption (PCT/ loop of henle) : Most water and nutrients are reabsorbed.
Secretion (DCT): Wastes are actively pushed into tubule from blood.
Concentration (Collecting Duct): removal of water via concentration gradients + NA+ content.

Question 15

What are the hormones active in the kidney?

Answer 15

ADH or Antidiuretic Hormone: makes the collecting duct more permeable to water
Aldosterone: increases the Na+ movement into the medulla creating a concentration gradient for water to move along.

Question 16

What is the order of the nephron?

Answer 16

Bowman’s Capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct.

Question 17

How does the blood move in the glomerulus?

Answer 17

Aorta, Afferent Arterioles, Glomerulus, Efferent Arterioles, peritubular capillaries, vera cava

Question 18

In what order does the excretory system go?

Answer 18

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 19

What are the layers of the kidney?

Answer 19

Outside to inside
Cortex, medulla, pelvis