'IN' Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

Where does Carb digestion start?

A

In the mouth with chewing/ physical digestion and salivary amylase, which breaks down long sugar chains into maltose.

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2
Q

What is Saliva?

A

Saliva is made of salivary amylase, water (slurry) , and mucus (lubrication)

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3
Q

What is the food slurry considered in the mouth?

A

A bolus.

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4
Q

What action moves the bolus through the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis.

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5
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

The stomach with pepsin/ogen which breaks proteins into polypeptides. This is activated by low pH or acids present

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6
Q

What is stomach acid and its use?

A

Hydrochloric Acid is used as a disinfectant and is secreted by the stomach walls.

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7
Q

What is an Ulcer?

A

An ulcer is when your stomach acid eats away at your stomach lining. This is caused by the body not having enough mucus in the stomach.

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8
Q

What is Rennin?

A

Rennin coagulates milk proteins for easier digestion.

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9
Q

What other uses does the stomach have?

A

The stomach absorbs some drugs and alcohol.

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10
Q

What is the food contents known as as it leaves the pyloric sphincter?

A

Chyme

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11
Q

What is the entrance to the stomach called?

A

The Esophageal Sphincter

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12
Q

What is the exit to the stomach called?

A

The Pyloric Sphincter

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13
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine called?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and the Ilium.

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14
Q

What are intestinal juices made of?

A

Peptidase: Polypeptide digestion into amino acids

Maltase: maltose digestion into glucose

Sucrase: sucrose digestion into glucose and fructose.

Lactase: lactose digestion into glucose and galactose

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15
Q

What is absorbed into the blood?

A

Glucose, water, amino acids, and water soluble minerals and vitamins.

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16
Q

What is absorbed into the lymph?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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17
Q

What is pancreatic acid made of?

A

Pancreatic amylase: Completes starch digestion into maltose

Trypsin/ogen: Activated by enterokinase breaks polypeptides into smaller chains

Lipase: breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Bicarbonate ions: helps neutralize and acid from the stomach

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18
Q

What is the pancreas stimulated by?

A

The pancreas is stimulated by acids entering the duodenum. This in turn activates prosecretin and secretin activated the pancreas.

19
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Creates bile from dead RBC, which helps emulsify fat globules.

Filters blood: the portal vein runs from the duodenum into the liver which filters any excess glucose converting it to glycogen and deanimates amino acids converting it into ammonia which is expelled through urination.
The blood leaves the liver through the hepatic vein and joins the inferior vena cava.

20
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

Storage of bile.

Stimulated by cholecystokinin hormone secreted by intestine

21
Q

What is the large intestine do?

A

Absorbs any water and some nutrients.
The bacteria creates some K and B vitamins.

22
Q

What does fibre do?

A

Fibre is a non soluble material and will not be absorbed therefore it bulks up the feces and allows for easier peristalsis.

23
Q

How is your digestion controlled?

A

Using enterogastrone it slows the rate of peristalsis.

24
Q

What releases HCl

25
What is the flow of your food?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
26
What is respiration?
transport of O2 and CO2 around the body.
27
What is breathing?
Ventilation: air enters lungs
28
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries
29
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gases between blood and cells
30
What is cellular respiration?
O2 and CO2 in the creation of ATP
31
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Warms air moistens air cleans air via hairs.
32
What is the function of the pharynx?
Houses the tonsils and adenoids which is part of your immune response. Connects the nasal and oral cavities
33
What is function of the epiglottis?
flap that prevents harmful materials from entering the lungs.
34
What is the function of the larynx?
Houses vocal cords
35
What is the function of the trachea?
Cleans air; lines with cilia or hairs Supported by cartilage rings for stability in change in pressure.
36
What are alveoli?
Millions of sacs surrounded by capillary nets for easy transfer of gases. Covered in a lipoprotein which prevents them from sticking when deflated.
37
How does breathing work?
Breathing occurs because of a change in pressure. When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract the volume increases within the cavity this decreases the pressure in the body meaning air will rush in. The outside pressure is higher than the inside pressure.
38
What is hemoglobin?
Is an iron protein that O2 bonds to When the O2 in the plasma leaves the partial pressure decreases and the O2 splits from the hemoglobin and travels through the tissues.
39
How does CO2 transport work?
Some bonds to hemoglobin, some dissolve in the plasma, but 64% of the CO2 bonds with H2O to create H2CO3 or carbonic acid. This reaction is helped by carbonic anhydrase, which is a catalyst. This decreases the partial pressure of the CO2 meaning they can cram more into the blood via passive diffusion.
40
What are chemoreceptors?
Receptors that are sensitive to changes in a certain environment. CO2 receptors: monitor increases in CO2 signaling you to breath. O2 receptors: monitor decrease in O2 signaling you to breath.
41
What happens when you excersise?
The adrenal gland releases epinephrine, which is adrenaline. This increases your breathing rate.
42
What is tidal volume?
normal breathing rate
43
What is your vital capacity?
Your max. breath inhale and exhale.