Ottomans and WWI

Question 1

Ottomans and the Start of WWI

Answer 1

Who: Ottomans
Why:
1. Pact with Germany/Defense Against Imperialism/ Millions from Germany
2. Saw it as a chance to regain Eastern Europe and Egypt from Britain
3. Prospects of territorial gain
4. Break humiliating shackles of foreign capitulations
What: Ottomans declare war in October-November against Russia, Britain, and France

Question 2

Ottoman War Economy

Answer 2

Who: Ottomans/CUP, Males 20-45
What:
1. Cancelled capitulation laws which setup imperial navy blockade
2. 1 in 2 non-civil service males had to enlist
3. Requisitions - government could take your property at will and gave out IOUs
4. Nationalized economies by giving monopolies to Muslim merchants, creating Muslim bourgeoisie

Question 3

Impacts of War Economy

Answer 3

12-25% of Ottoman population died (5 million people).
More casualties than in both France and Germany.
Famine hit Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria particularly hard.

Question 4

Ottomans in Greater Syria

Answer 4

Hearing that some Christians were making connections with the Triple Entente in Greater Syria, they occupy the region.
They killed people to prevent internal revolt.

Question 5

Armenian Genocide

Answer 5

Who: Armenians, CUP
Why: Removing a perceived threat based in ethnicity
What: Forced deportation of the women and children, men and those who wouldn’t leave were killed, houses were given to Muslims. Most died on the way to modern-day Syria.
When: 1915-17
Where: Anatolia

Question 6

Five Ottoman Military Campaigns

Answer 6

1. Gallipoli/Dardanelles Strait
2. Mesopotamia Campaign
3. Egypt/Palestine
4. Caucasus against Russia
5. Internal Front Against Hashemites

Question 7

Gallipoli / Dardanelles Strait Campaign

Answer 7

Who: 800,000 Ottomans and Australian/New Zealand Imperial Soldiers
Why: Defending Constantinople
What: 500,000 wounded, taken prisoner, or killed. Ottoman victory.

Question 8

Mesopotamia Campaign (Modern Iraq)

Answer 8

Who: Indian Imperial Soldiers v Ottomans
Why: Brits wanted defensive territory for India, it also bordered Iran where they had oil deposits
What: Ottoman victory, but Brits occupy key cities. British surrendered but occupied Baghdad.
When: 1914-18
Where: Mesopotamia

Question 9

Egypt Palestine Campaign

Answer 9

Who: Ottomans v British
Why: Ottomans initiated to regain control over Suez and Egypt
What: British not only defended but gained control over Palestine, including Jerusalem

Question 10

Caucasus Campaign Against Russia

Answer 10

End with Bolshevik Revolution in 1917

Question 11

Internal Front Campaign

Answer 11

Hashemite/Arab Revolt

Question 12

End of Ottoman War Effort

Answer 12

1. Bolsheviks gave back all ceded territory
2. Britain renewed Palestine offensive, conquests all of Palestine and Damascus.
3. Started to lose a lot of German funding
4. U.S. joined allies
5. Armistice of Mudros - complete surrender

Question 13

Armistice of Mudros

Answer 13

Who: Ottomans 
Why: Cause 
What: Total Ottoman surrender, safeguard allied safe passage, lose Dardanelles forts, transfer of POWs and Armenian internees 
Where: Mudros
When: Oct. 31/1918