Ottoman Countercoup 1909, Iranian Constitutional Revolution

Question 1

Ottoman Counter Revolution of 1909

Answer 1

Where: Constantinople, Ottoman capital
When: April 1909
What: Failed coup against CUP
Who: Led by old regime supporters, Islamists, liberals, non-Turkish nationalists
Why: Some wanted Sultan reinstated, Islamists wanted Sharia law not multiculturalism, some liberals didn’t think CUP was liberal, non-Turkish nationalists wanted independence (Macedonia)
Aftermath: CUP ‘Action Army’ restores order, cracks down on political opposition and curtails fundamental liberties

Question 2

Action Army

Answer 2

The army the CUP deployed to react against the countercoup in 1909

Question 3

Islamist

Answer 3

Someone who thinks that Islam should lead all facets of society, including government.

Question 4

Armenians

Answer 4

Who: Orthodox Christians, speak Armenian
Where: Northeastern Turkey and Iran

Question 5

Millet System

Answer 5

Who: Minorities within the Ottoman empire
What: Would be higher taxes and be exempt from conscription
When: During the Ottoman empire
Where: Ottoman empire

Question 6

Armenians and Ottomanism

Answer 6

Very opposed to the national identity and centralization despite not wanting to separate.
Created a largely symbolic national assembly and constitution.

Question 7

Adana Massacres of 1909

Answer 7

Who: Armenians living in Adana, CUP
What: Armenians supported revolution in 1908, but criticized the CUP for their crackdown of freedom press. The CUP came into Adana, and thinking the Armenians were mobilizing, they slaughtered them. 
When: 1909
Where: Adana
Why: To get rid of ethnic opposition

Question 8

Defensive Developmentalism

Answer 8

aka Ottomanism

Question 9

Main Revolutionary Goals of CUP

Answer 9

To re-empower what they believed to be a declining empire because of the Sultan.

Question 10

Two Empires that existed between 1905-1911

Answer 10

Ottoman and Persia (ruled by Qajari Dynasty)

Question 11

Safavid Dynasty

Answer 11

Who: Originally ruled by Is’mail, Shi’a Muslims, fell to Qajar Dynasty
When: 1501 - 1736
Where: Northern Iraq, North-Eastern Turkey, Iran, Western Afghanistan

Question 12

Qajari Dynasty

Answer 12

Who: Persian royalty/Shah
What: A very decentralized empirical dynasty, held little influence outside of Tehran , gave a lot of power to the Ulama
When: 1789 - 1925
Where: Persia

Question 13

Iranian/Persian Constitutional Revolution 1905-1911

Answer 13

Who: Persians and Qajari
What: Mad at Qajar for: corrupt spending, and capitulation laws.

Question 14

Zakat

Answer 14

One of five pillars of Islam. Means giving back, often to the Mosque or to build schools.

Question 15

Capitulation Laws

Answer 15

Agreements where Iran agreed to Brits and Russians
Didn't have to 
1. Pay import taxes
2. Pay local taxes
3. Obey local law (Brit courts)
4. Lifted travel resitrctions

Question 16

The Treaty of Paris

Answer 16

Who: Shah, Brits, Russians
What: Treaty outlining capitulation rights for Brits and later Russias
When: 1857
Where: Iran
Why: Did get out of debt and bring investors
Aftermath: Made domestic markets uncompetitive and crash. Pissed off, the Bazaari and Ulama. Caused the Tobacco Protests of 1981.

Question 17

Bazaaris

Answer 17

Iranian merchants. Particularly pissed by capitulation laws.

Question 18

Tobacco Protests of 1891

Answer 18

Who: Bazaaris and Ulama against Shah and Imperialists
What: Bazaaris and Ulama started protesting against the monopolies.
When: 1891-1905
Where: Iran, particularly Tehran
Why: After trying to erase Iranian debt by providing monopolies to foreign imperialists, crippling local workers
Aftermath: Shah attempted to just lessen monopoly, but eventually had to give all back. Gave twice back what received from Britain. To lessen this debt, the D’Arcy Concession happened.

Question 19

D’Arcy Concession

Answer 19

Who: The Shah and British Imperialists
What: Oil monopolies for British imperialists, only had to return 16% of profits
When: 1901
Where: Iran
Why: Crippling debt from Tobacco Protests and other stuff
Aftermath: The creation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Brits changed their military resource to oil in 1912.

Question 20

Constitutional Revolution 1905-06

Answer 20

Who: Ulama, Bazaaris, and Intellectuals against the Shah
Why: Bankruptcy, inflation, corruption, torturing Bazaaris
What: The three groups force a royal proclamation to create democratic parliament know as Majlis.
When: 1905-06
Where: Iran

Question 21

Majlis in 1905-06

Answer 21

Who: Bazaaris, Ulama, and intellectual forced it
What: Passes fundamental liberal rights. Creates royal (war with legislative consent, no more budget), legislative (must consent to war, made budgets), and religious branches (protected clerics). Exempt MPs from law.
When: 1905-06
Where: Iran
Why: Cause revolution

Question 22

Counter-Revolution and Civil War

Answer 22

Who: Muhammad Ali, now-deceased Shah’s son
What: Ali forms pact with Brits and Russians to invade the South and North respectively, arrest revolutionary leaders, restoring imperialism.
When: 1907
Where: Iran
Why: Wanting some of that sweet sweet power
Aftermath: Iranians regain control of Majlis, Shah goes into exile, new 12-year-old Shah

Question 23

British and Russian Occupations of Iran (1908-1911)

Answer 23

Who: Russians, Brits, Iranians
Why: Imperial power were scared that the original Shah’s concessions were in jeopardy.
What: Russia occupies the North, Brits occupy the South and Middle (Oil fields).
When: 1911
Aftermath: By 1919, Iranians are once again under an authoritarian regime under foreign powers.

Question 24

Two Important Historical Dimensions in Iran

Answer 24

Authoritarian government structure (monarchy) and the role of imperial powers.
These two went hand-in-hand.