Orientalism and 1905 Ottoman Revolution

Question 1

Orientalism

Answer 1

Very prejudiced scholarship during the 18th and 19th century that developed to produce knowledge about the orient

Question 2

Our Map of the Middle East

Answer 2

Iran most eastern, Turkey most Northern, Yemen most southern, Egypt most Western

Question 3

Origins of the term ‘Middle East’

Answer 3

Coined by French and British imperialists dating back to the latter half of the 18th century

Question 4

Middle East and Eurocentrism

Answer 4

Literally calling it middle and east show its eurocentrism… so its very foundation and inheritance is eurocentric

Question 5

al-Shariq

Answer 5

What many Arabs and other peoples called their part of the world (it means east - east through the lens of how Islam spread)

Question 6

Imperialism

Answer 6

Unequal relationships and the control over a people

Question 7

Silvestre de Sacy

Answer 7

Most famous orientalist

Question 8

Persian

Answer 8

Official language of Iran

Question 9

Oriental Renaissance

Answer 9

Brought on by the romantic movement that disavowed rationalism and made stuff up about the middle east to revive the west through imperial means (first through ideas)

Question 10

Harem

Answer 10

Women’s quarters - appropriated by west to be associated with polygamy and hypersexualism

Question 11

First Invasion of the Middle East in the Modern Era

Answer 11

Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798

Question 12

Occident v Orient

Answer 12

Conceptualized binary in the west to understand the west

Necessary antecedent to justify colonialism.

Question 13

Longevity of Ottoman Empire

Answer 13

Over 600 years

Question 14

Osman

Answer 14

First leader of the Ottomans

Question 15

Vienna 1529

Answer 15

When the Ottoman’s ‘made it’

Question 16

Byzantines

Answer 16

Eastern European Orthodox Christians who were the last of the Roman Empire
Occupied Constantinople when it fell

Question 17

Istanbul

Answer 17

Capital of the Ottoman Empire

Question 18

Sultan

Answer 18

Who: Ottoman leader
What: Sought to become ‘modern’ like the western state
Began a centralization campaign with increased taxes and a bigger military. Tried to promote Ottomanism. Caved in to constitutional demands in 1876, took them away until the revolution 2 years later.

Question 19

Modernity

Answer 19

Social construct of western European enlightenment

Question 20

Two Key Ways Ottoman Empire Reformed

Answer 20

Tax and Military Reform

Needed stronger military to defend falling empire

Question 21

Suez Canal

Answer 21

Artificial canal between Red and Mediterranean Seas that Ottoman’s created

Question 22

Constitutional Reform 1876

Answer 22

Ottoman Sultan added a parliamentary democracy but after the first election quickly prorogued parliament for 30 years

Question 23

Ottomanism

Answer 23

A response to increasingly (non-separatist) nationalisms in the Ottoman empire.
Tried to create common identity around liberalism, equality, and citizenship (not a subject)

Question 24

Internal Criticisms of Ottomanism

Answer 24

Muslim Clerics that it threatened their privilege

Question 25

Young Turks

Answer 25

(Misnomer - not all were Turkish)
Wanted to a) overthrow the Sultan and re-establish constitutional monarchy and b) to re-empower the empire
Were in the military

Question 26

Committee for Union and Progress (CUP)

Answer 26

Planned a revolt against the Sultan leading up to 1908

Question 27

Macedonian Nationalists

Answer 27

Wanted independence but were stopped by the Young Turks who then used it as leverage to say the empire needed new leadership

Question 28

Revolution 1908

Answer 28

CUP struck after the Macedonian uprising.
Overthrew the sultan without violence.
Constitution restored.