others Flashcards

1
Q

what is glaucoma

A

increase in intraocular pressure

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2
Q

what is cataracts

A

opacification of lens usually age related

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3
Q

risk factors for cataract

A

UVB EXPOSURE
hypertension
smoking
diabetes

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4
Q

how is glaucoma usually discovered

A

through screening

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5
Q

where does aqueous humour normally drain out of

A

trabecular network into canal of schlemm

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6
Q

what type of glaucoma is more common

A

open angle

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7
Q

pathophysiology behind open angle glaucoma

A

poor trabecular drainage

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8
Q

how does a closed angle glaucoma present

A

acute red eye
visual loss
w/ headache/n&v

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9
Q

treatment of closed angle glaucoma

A

hole in iris made with laser

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10
Q

what sign would be seen on fundoscopy with glaucoma

A

cupping of optic disc as indicates increased intraocular pressure

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11
Q

what condition is scleritis assoc with?

what is scleritis ?

A

HLA B27
SLE

inflam of sclera that may be site threatening
pain on movement

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12
Q

what is drusen

A

fatty deposits under the retina

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13
Q

what is the difference between dry and wet ARMD

A

wet involves vascular proliferation dry does not

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14
Q

what is wet ARMD mediated by

A

VEGF

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15
Q

which is more likely to result in visual loss wet or dry ARMD

A

wet

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16
Q

treatment of wet ARMD

A

monoclonal antibodies to VEGF

17
Q

what is argyll robinson pupil

A

bilateral small pupils that constrict to object movign closer (accomodation) but not to bright light

18
Q

when is argyll roberstson pupi

A

syphilli sand diabetes

19
Q

what should be done if potential intra ocular foreign bodies

20
Q

what is worse for the eyes acid or alkali and why

A

alkali as penetrates intra ocular surfaces. acid coagulates proteins so doesnt

21
Q

what is the epithelium and stroma in terms of hyrophobic/philic and lipophobic/philic

A

epithelium is hydrophobic and lipophilic

stroma is hydrophilic and lipophobic

22
Q

what drugs will penetrate the corneal epithelium well

A

hydrophobic drugs

lipid soluble drugs

23
Q

name a drug that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

A

chloramphenicol

24
Q

what can be added to steroids to make them more hydrophobic

A

alcohol or acetate

25
what can be added to steroids to make them more hydrophilic
phosphate
26
out of prednisilone acetate and prednisilone phosphate which is better for an uninflamed cornea penetration
prednisilone acetate
27
out of prednisilone acetate and prednisilone phophate which is good for corneal disease
prednisilone phosphate
28
when are steroids used
when inflam needing suppressed eg post of uveitis prevent graft rejection
29
local side effects of steroids
cataracts glaucoma exacerbate viral infection
30
most common diagnostic dye used in opthalmology
fluroscein
31
example of mydriatic drugs adn mechanism
tropicamide, cyclopentolate block parasymp innervation
32
how doe sympathomimetics work
act on symp system to cause pupil dilation (eg cilary muscl paralysis)
33
when should steroids never be given
dendritic ulcer give ganciclovir
34
what is diabetic retinopathy
chronic hyperglycaemia- glycosylation of protein/basement membrane- loss of pericytes- microaneurysm - leakage and ischaemia
35
signs of early non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
microaneurysm/dot +blot haemorrhages hard exudate cotton wool patches intra retinal microvascular abnormalities
36
what do diabetics end up losing vision from
retinal oedema affecting fovea vitreous haemorrhage scarring/tractional retinal detachment
37
cherry red spot
central retinal ARTERY occlusion
38
sudden painless visual loss
occlusion