others Flashcards
what is glaucoma
increase in intraocular pressure
what is cataracts
opacification of lens usually age related
risk factors for cataract
UVB EXPOSURE
hypertension
smoking
diabetes
how is glaucoma usually discovered
through screening
where does aqueous humour normally drain out of
trabecular network into canal of schlemm
what type of glaucoma is more common
open angle
pathophysiology behind open angle glaucoma
poor trabecular drainage
how does a closed angle glaucoma present
acute red eye
visual loss
w/ headache/n&v
treatment of closed angle glaucoma
hole in iris made with laser
what sign would be seen on fundoscopy with glaucoma
cupping of optic disc as indicates increased intraocular pressure
what condition is scleritis assoc with?
what is scleritis ?
HLA B27
SLE
inflam of sclera that may be site threatening
pain on movement
what is drusen
fatty deposits under the retina
what is the difference between dry and wet ARMD
wet involves vascular proliferation dry does not
what is wet ARMD mediated by
VEGF
which is more likely to result in visual loss wet or dry ARMD
wet
treatment of wet ARMD
monoclonal antibodies to VEGF
what is argyll robinson pupil
bilateral small pupils that constrict to object movign closer (accomodation) but not to bright light
when is argyll roberstson pupi
syphilli sand diabetes
what should be done if potential intra ocular foreign bodies
x-ray
what is worse for the eyes acid or alkali and why
alkali as penetrates intra ocular surfaces. acid coagulates proteins so doesnt
what is the epithelium and stroma in terms of hyrophobic/philic and lipophobic/philic
epithelium is hydrophobic and lipophilic
stroma is hydrophilic and lipophobic
what drugs will penetrate the corneal epithelium well
hydrophobic drugs
lipid soluble drugs
name a drug that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties
chloramphenicol
what can be added to steroids to make them more hydrophobic
alcohol or acetate
what can be added to steroids to make them more hydrophilic
phosphate
out of prednisilone acetate and prednisilone phosphate which is better for an uninflamed cornea penetration
prednisilone acetate
out of prednisilone acetate and prednisilone phophate which is good for corneal disease
prednisilone phosphate
when are steroids used
when inflam needing suppressed eg
post of
uveitis
prevent graft rejection
local side effects of steroids
cataracts
glaucoma
exacerbate viral infection
most common diagnostic dye used in opthalmology
fluroscein
example of mydriatic drugs adn mechanism
tropicamide, cyclopentolate block parasymp innervation
how doe sympathomimetics work
act on symp system to cause pupil dilation (eg cilary muscl paralysis)
when should steroids never be given
dendritic ulcer give ganciclovir
what is diabetic retinopathy
chronic hyperglycaemia- glycosylation of protein/basement membrane- loss of pericytes- microaneurysm - leakage and ischaemia
signs of early non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
microaneurysm/dot +blot haemorrhages
hard exudate
cotton wool patches
intra retinal microvascular abnormalities
what do diabetics end up losing vision from
retinal oedema affecting fovea
vitreous haemorrhage
scarring/tractional retinal detachment
cherry red spot
central retinal ARTERY occlusion
sudden painless visual loss
occlusion
