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opthalmology > others > Flashcards

others Flashcards

1
Q

what is glaucoma

A

increase in intraocular pressure

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2
Q

what is cataracts

A

opacification of lens usually age related

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3
Q

risk factors for cataract

A

UVB EXPOSURE
hypertension
smoking
diabetes

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4
Q

how is glaucoma usually discovered

A

through screening

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5
Q

where does aqueous humour normally drain out of

A

trabecular network into canal of schlemm

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6
Q

what type of glaucoma is more common

A

open angle

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7
Q

pathophysiology behind open angle glaucoma

A

poor trabecular drainage

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8
Q

how does a closed angle glaucoma present

A

acute red eye
visual loss
w/ headache/n&v

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9
Q

treatment of closed angle glaucoma

A

hole in iris made with laser

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10
Q

what sign would be seen on fundoscopy with glaucoma

A

cupping of optic disc as indicates increased intraocular pressure

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11
Q

what condition is scleritis assoc with?

what is scleritis ?

A

HLA B27
SLE

inflam of sclera that may be site threatening
pain on movement

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12
Q

what is drusen

A

fatty deposits under the retina

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13
Q

what is the difference between dry and wet ARMD

A

wet involves vascular proliferation dry does not

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14
Q

what is wet ARMD mediated by

A

VEGF

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15
Q

which is more likely to result in visual loss wet or dry ARMD

A

wet

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16
Q

treatment of wet ARMD

A

monoclonal antibodies to VEGF

17
Q

what is argyll robinson pupil

A

bilateral small pupils that constrict to object movign closer (accomodation) but not to bright light

18
Q

when is argyll roberstson pupi

A

syphilli sand diabetes

19
Q

what should be done if potential intra ocular foreign bodies

A

x-ray

20
Q

what is worse for the eyes acid or alkali and why

A

alkali as penetrates intra ocular surfaces. acid coagulates proteins so doesnt

21
Q

what is the epithelium and stroma in terms of hyrophobic/philic and lipophobic/philic

A

epithelium is hydrophobic and lipophilic

stroma is hydrophilic and lipophobic

22
Q

what drugs will penetrate the corneal epithelium well

A

hydrophobic drugs

lipid soluble drugs

23
Q

name a drug that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

A

chloramphenicol

24
Q

what can be added to steroids to make them more hydrophobic

A

alcohol or acetate

25
Q

what can be added to steroids to make them more hydrophilic

A

phosphate

26
Q

out of prednisilone acetate and prednisilone phosphate which is better for an uninflamed cornea penetration

A

prednisilone acetate

27
Q

out of prednisilone acetate and prednisilone phophate which is good for corneal disease

A

prednisilone phosphate

28
Q

when are steroids used

A

when inflam needing suppressed eg
post of
uveitis
prevent graft rejection

29
Q

local side effects of steroids

A

cataracts
glaucoma
exacerbate viral infection

30
Q

most common diagnostic dye used in opthalmology

A

fluroscein

31
Q

example of mydriatic drugs adn mechanism

A

tropicamide, cyclopentolate block parasymp innervation

32
Q

how doe sympathomimetics work

A

act on symp system to cause pupil dilation (eg cilary muscl paralysis)

33
Q

when should steroids never be given

A

dendritic ulcer give ganciclovir

34
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy

A

chronic hyperglycaemia- glycosylation of protein/basement membrane- loss of pericytes- microaneurysm - leakage and ischaemia

35
Q

signs of early non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

microaneurysm/dot +blot haemorrhages
hard exudate
cotton wool patches
intra retinal microvascular abnormalities

36
Q

what do diabetics end up losing vision from

A

retinal oedema affecting fovea
vitreous haemorrhage
scarring/tractional retinal detachment

37
Q

cherry red spot

A

central retinal ARTERY occlusion

38
Q

sudden painless visual loss

A

occlusion

opthalmology (3 decks)

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