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Question 1

Which is the most common clinicopathologic abnormalities in heat-induced illness?

1. Anaemia
2. Azotemia
3. Thrombocytopenia
4. Leukocytosis

Answer 1

Thrombocytopenia (might take several days)

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true regarding the free fluid analysis in septic peritonitis:

1. Higher lactate but lower glucose compared to peripheral blood
2. Higher lactate and glucose compared to peripheral blood
3. Lower lactate but higher glucose compared to peripheral blood
4. Lower lactate and glucose compared to peripheral blood

Answer 2

Higher lactate but lower glucose compared to peripheral blood

Question 3

What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid electrolyte and protein content in normal conditions?

1. Intracellular fluid is higher in potassium, phosphate and protein and lower in sodium and magnesium
2. Intracellular fluid is higher in potassium, magnesium, chloride and proteins and lower in sodium
3. Intracellular fluid is higher in potassium, magnesium bicarbonates and protein and lower in sodium and chloride
4. Intracellular fluid is higher in potassium, magnesium and protein and lower in sodium, bicarbonates and chloride

Answer 3

4. Intracellular fluid is higher in potassium, magnesium and protein and lower in sodium, bicarbonates and chloride

Question 4

A disease has a prevalence of 1%. A laboratory test for this disease has a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 98%, and a positive predictive value of 31% at this prevalence. You run this test on a dog and the result is positive (abnormal). How should you interpret this result?

1. There is a 2% chance that the dog has the disease
2. There is a 10% chance that this represents a false-positive result
3. There is a 69% chance that this represents a false positive result
4. There is a 98% chance that the dog gas the disease

Answer 4

3. There is a 69% chance that this represents a false positive result

Question 5

The primary force moving water molecules from he blood plasma to the interstitial fluid is:

1. Active trasport
2. Cotrasport with Na+
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. Filtration

Answer 5

4. Filtration

Question 6

Which of the following would be most likely to stimulate thirst?

1. A decresce in plasma osmolality and volume
2. A decrease in plasma osmolality and an increase in plasma volume
3. An increase in plasma osmolality and volume
4. An increase in plasma osmolality and a decrease in plasma volume

Answer 6

4. An increase in plasma osmolality and a decrease in plasma volume

Question 7

Which of the following procedures produces the most high-energy phosphate compounds?

1. Aerobic metabolism of 1 mol of glucose
2. Anaerobic metabolism of 1 mol of glucose
3. Metabolism of 1 mol of amino acid
4. Metabolism of 1 mol of long chain fatty acid

Answer 7

4. Metabolism of 1 mol of long chain fatty acid

Question 8

A dog is presented with a three-day history of vomiting due to an obstructive pyloric foreign body. Which acid base/electrolyte disorder can be expected?

1. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
2. Hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis
3. Anion gap metabolic acidosis
4. Hyperkalemic metabolic alkalosis

Answer 8

4. Hyperkalemic metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

Which of the following is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine?

1. Interferon gamma
2. Interleukin-1
3. Interleukin-10
4. Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Answer 9

3. Interleukin-10

Interferon gamma: secreted by activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and can promote macrophage activation, mediate antiviral and antibacterial immunity, enhance antigen presentation, orchestrate activation of the innate immune system, coordinate lymphocyte–endothelium interaction, regulate Th1/Th2 balance, and control cellular proliferation and apoptosis

IL-1: acting as a leukocytic pyrogen, a mediator of fever and a leukocytic endogenous mediator, and an inducer of several components of the acute-phase response and lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha: endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis, viral replication, and respond to sepsis via IL-1 and IL-6-producing cells.

Question 10

Which reproductive phase is compatible with the following cytology? Presence of white cells with < 30% of keratinized cells.

1. Proestrus
2. Estrus
3. Diestrus
4. Anestus

Answer 10

3. Diestrus

Question 11

Which is the correct fluid rate for a puppy/kitten?

1. 1-2ml/kg/h
2. 3-4ml/kg/h
3. 5-6ml/kg/h
4. 7-8ml/kg/h

Answer 11

2. 3-4ml/kg/h

Question 12

Optimizing tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery is important in shocked patients. To optimize perfusion, which central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure and urine output are target therapeutic end points for a dog in shock?

1. Central venous pressure 0-5cm H2O, mean arterial pressure 60-80mmHg, urine output 1ml/kg/hr.
2. Central venous pressure 0-5cm H2O, mean arterial pressure 100-150mmHg, urine output 1ml/kg/hr.
3. Central venous pressure 5-10cm H2O, mean arterial pressure 70-120mmHg, urine output 1ml/kg/hr.
4. Central venous pressure 5-10cm H2O, mean arterial pressure 100-150mmHg, urine output 2ml/kg/hr.

Answer 12

Based on Ettinger: 1) central venous pressure = 8-12 mm Hg, (2) mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg, (3) urine output ≥0.5 mL/kg/h, (4) superior vena cava oxygenation saturation ≥70% or mixed venous oxygen saturation ≥65%

Our guess was 1.

Question 13

Which ONE of the following may be deen on biochemistry as a result of a lipaemic sample?

1. Hypernatraemia
2. Hyponatraemia
3. Hyperkalaemia
4. Hypocalcaemia

Answer 13

2. hyponatraemia

may see increased Hb, bilirubin, Ca, Cl
Decreased: Na, K, amylase