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1
Q

Define memory dump

A

when memory contents are output to printer/monitor

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2
Q

Uses of binary (3)

A

ASCII value

unicode value

machine code

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3
Q

Advantages of hexadecimal (5)

A

easier to understand

easier to debug

shorter = takes up less space

faster to enter than binary

easier to convert from binary than denary

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4
Q

Define simplex data transmission (2)

A

data transmitted one way only

e.g computer to printer

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5
Q

Define duplex data transmission (2)

A

data transmitted both ways simultaneously

e.g broadband internet

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6
Q

Define half-duplex data transmission (2)

A

data transmitted both ways not at same time

e.g walkie talkie

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7
Q

Define serial data transmission (2)

A

one bit sent at a time over one wire

e.g computer to printer/USB

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8
Q

Define parallel data transmission (2)

A

multiple bits sent at same time using multiple wires

e.g computer to modem/internal computer components

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9
Q

Advantages of serial (4)

A

reliable over longer distances

cheaper

data not out of synchronization

less risk of electrical interference between wires

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10
Q

Advantages of parallel (2)

A

faster transmission

easier to program input/output operations

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11
Q

Features of asynchronous data transmission (3)

A

data transmitted in agreed bit pattern

data bits grouped together and sent with control bits

receiver of data knows when data starts/ends

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12
Q

Features of synchronous data transmission (5)

A

continuous stream of data

data accompanied by timing signal

synchronizes sender and receiver

receiver counts number of bits sent

reassembles into bytes

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13
Q

Advantages of synchronous data transmission

A

faster

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14
Q

Define USB

A

data transmission method

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15
Q

What ASCII stands for

A

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

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16
Q

Number of bits in standard ASCII

A

7 bit codes

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17
Q

Function of ASCII

A

represent letter/number/characters on keyboard

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18
Q

Denary value for a on ASCII

A

97

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19
Q

Denary value for A on ASCII

A

65

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20
Q

Denary value for 0 on ASCII

A

48

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21
Q

ASCII disadvantages

A

does not represent non-western characters

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22
Q

Define unicode (2)

A

coding system

represents characters of all languages

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23
Q

How is sound represented digitally (4)

A

computer samples sound using ADC

amplitude determined at set time intervals

gives approximate sound representation

sound wave sample encoded as binary

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24
Q

Define sampling

A

measuring amplitude of sound wave

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25
Q

Define sampling resolution/bit depth

A

number of bits per sample

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26
Q

Define sampling rate (2)

A

number of sound samples taken per second

measured in hertz

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27
Q

Benefits of having larger sampling rate/resolution (3)

A

better sound quality

larger dynamic range

less sound distortion

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28
Q

Disadvantages of larger sampling rate/resolution (3)

A

larger file size

requires greater processing power

longer to download music files

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29
Q

How do bitmap images work (3)

A

made of pixels

each pixel represent binary number

binary numbers represent colour

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30
Q

Define colour depth

A

number of bits to represent each colour

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31
Q

Define image resolution

A

pixel number in an image

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32
Q

Photos with lower resolution will have higher detail than photos with higher resolution

True or False?

A

false

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33
Q

Disadvantage of using high resolution images (2)

A

file size increase

increase in download speed

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34
Q

Define a bit (2)

A

basic unit of computing memory storage

either 1 or 0

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35
Q

Number of bytes in kibibyte

A

2^10

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36
Q

Number of bytes in kilobyte

A

1000

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37
Q

Equation for file size of image

A

image resolution (pixels) x colour depth (bits)

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38
Q

Equation for size of mono sound file

A

sample rate (Hz) x sample resolution (bits) x sample length (seconds)

39
Q

Uses of hexadecimal (4)

A

error codes

MAC address

IPv6 address

HTML colour codes

40
Q

Hexadecimal use in error code

A

values refer to location of error

41
Q

Define a MAC address (3)

A

number that uniquely identifies device on network

first half is manufacturer of device

second half is unique serial of device

42
Q

Define IP address

A

identifies global address on internet

43
Q

Number of bits in IPv4

44
Q

Number of bits in IPv6

45
Q

Number of bits in MAC address

46
Q

What does MAC address stand for

A

media access control

47
Q

Use of HTML in hexadecimal (2)

A

represent text colors on screen

different intensity of primary colors determined by hex value

48
Q

Hexadecimal red

49
Q

Hexadecimal green

50
Q

Hexadecimal Blue

51
Q

Why might one compress data (3)

A

reduce cost that come with larger file size

save storage space

reduce download time

52
Q

2 types of file compression

A

Lossy

Lossless

53
Q

Features of lossy file compression

A

eliminates unnecessary data

54
Q

Lossy file compression examples (3)

A

Mp3

MP4

JPEG

55
Q

Define mp3

A

lossy for audio files

56
Q

Define mp4

A

lossy for multimedia files

57
Q

Define lossless file compression

A

data from original file reconstructed

58
Q

What does RLE stand for

A

run-length encoding

59
Q

Structure of packet (3)

A

header

payload

trailer

60
Q

Data in packet header (4)

A

IP address of sender

IP address of receiver

Sequence number of packet (to reaarange in order)

Size of packet in bytes

61
Q

Data in payload (2)

A

actual data

64 KiB

62
Q

Data in trailer (2)

A

method of identifying end of packet

error checking

63
Q

How packet switching works (3)

A

data split into packets

each packet sent independently

packets reassembled into correct order at destination based on information in header

64
Q

Function of router (3)

A

stage in route

receives data packet

uses data in header to decide where to send it

65
Q

Benefits of packet switching (2)

A

no need to tie up single communication line

high transmission rate possible

66
Q

Disadvantage of packet switching (2)

A

packets can be lost

delay at destination where packets are re-ordered

67
Q

Disadvantages of parallel data transmission (2)

A

skewed - data can arrive unsynchronised

crosstalk - electrical interferences between wires can cause data errors

68
Q

Wires which a USB consists of (2)

A

red and black for power

white and green for data transmission

69
Q

How USB connects to device (3)

A

computer automatically detects that device present

USB loads appropriate device driver for communication

new device detected = user prompted to download appropriate device driver software

70
Q

Benefits of USBs (4)

A

devices automatically detected/loaded up

can only fit one way preventing incorrect connections

industry standard = considerable support available

backwards compatible

71
Q

Disadvantages of USB (3)

A

cable length only 5 m

data transfer rate slow compared to others

early USB models may not be supported by modern computers

72
Q

How parity checks work (3)

A

parity is EVEN or ODD (number of 1 bits)

left most bit is parity bit

change = change in even or odd bits = error

73
Q

How can parity checks not work

A

if there is an even number of bits changed

74
Q

How checksum works (6)

A

checksum calculated from data block using algorithm

checksum transmitted with data block

checksum recalculated by receiver using same algorithm

original checksum compared with calculated checksum

checksum equal = no change

if not = request to resend data

75
Q

How echo checks work (3)

A

copy of data sent to receiver

copy compared with original

no difference = no error

76
Q

Disadvantages of echo checks

A

not known whether error occurred when first sending data or when sending data back

77
Q

What does ARQ stand for

A

Automatic Repeat Requests

78
Q

How does ARQ work (5)

A

uses positive/negative acknowledgements

check performed on data

send acknowledgement that data received

if acknowledgement not received = data resent in timeout until positive acknowledgment received or set number of retransmissions reached

error detected = request to resend data

79
Q

Define plaintext

A

original data being sent

80
Q

How does symmetric encryption work

A

uses same key to encrypt/decrypt message

81
Q

How encryption works (3)

A

plain text encrypted using algorithm/key

key transmitted separately from text

key used to decrypt the cypher text

82
Q

Define cypher text

A

encrypted text

83
Q

How does asymmetric encryption work (5)

A

uses private and public keys

public key sent to sender

sender encrypts document

sender sends cipher text to receiver

receiver uses private key to decrypt

84
Q

2 types of MAC Addresses (2)

A

UAA - Universally Administered

LAA - Locally Administered

85
Q

What does an NIC stand for

A

network interface card

86
Q

Function of an NIC

A

allow device to connect to network

87
Q

2 version of IP

88
Q

Advantage of IPv6 compared to IPv4 (3)

A

removes risk of IP address collisions

has built-in authentication checks

more efficient packet routes

89
Q

Is an IP address always unique

90
Q

Define static IP addresses (2)

A

permanently assigned to device by ISP

do not change

91
Q

Define dynamic IP address (2)

A

assigned by ISP when device logs on to internet

change

92
Q

Comparison between static IP address and dynamic address (4)

A

dynamic : more privacy since IP always change

static : less privacy since IP can be tracked

static : faster download speed

static : more expensive

93
Q

Function of routers (2)

A

enable data packets to be routed between different networks

converts transmitted data to format understood by other network allowing them to communicate

Computer Science (15 decks)

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