OTHER Research Studies Flashcards
Dialysis
What are the signs that you need dialysis?
How long can you live with dialysis?
What type of patients are put on dialysis?
Is it painful to have dialysis?
Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned.
What are the signs that you need dialysis?
National Kidney Foundation guidelines recommend you start dialysis when your kidney function drops to 15% or less — or if you have severe symptoms caused by your kidney disease, such as: shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle cramps, nausea or vomiting.
How long can you live with dialysis?
Average life expectancy on dialysis is 5-10 years, however, many patients have lived well on dialysis for 20 or even 30 years. Talk to your healthcare team about how to take care of yourself and stay healthy on dialysis.
What type of patients are put on dialysis?
Patients suffering from kidney failure are put on dialysis.
Is it painful to have dialysis?
Myth: Dialysis is painful. Fact: If you are on hemodialysis you may have some discomfort when the needles are put into your fistula or graft, but most patients usually have no other problems. The dialysis treatment itself is painless.
When is it too late for dialysis?
Dialysis may not be the best option for everyone with kidney failure. Several European studies have shown that dialysis does not guarantee a survival benefit for people over age 75 who have medical problems like dementia or ischemic heart disease in addition to end-stage kidney disease.
Is dialysis the last stage?
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), or kidney failure, is the fifth and final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. With chronic kidney disease, your kidneys can’t do their day-to-day job. When they fail, you need treatment either dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.
Can a dialysis patient recover fully?
Recovery rates ranged between 10% and 15% within the first 30 days of dialysis initiation, but nearly half of patients who recovered kidney function did so within 90 days after dialysis initiation. Few patients recovered after 180 days of outpatient chronic dialysis.19 Feb 2021
Can you come off dialysis?
Yes. Dialysis patients are allowed to stop their treatment if they so desire. You are encouraged to discuss your reasons for stopping treatment with your doctor, other members of your health care team and your loved ones before making a final decision.
Can you live normally with dialysis?
Perhaps most surprisingly of all, many dialysis patients go on to live normal lives. However, you should know that dialysis does not cure kidney disease. Dialysis simply performs some of the functions of a healthy kidney.
What happens if you don’t do dialysis?
If you don’t have dialysis, your kidneys will continue to fail and you eventually will die. How long you could live depends on your overall health aside from your kidney disease and how much kidney function you have left. As death nears, you will start to: Feel sleepy and weak.
What happens to patients after dialysis?
Low blood pressure (hypotension) is one of the most common side effects of haemodialysis. It can be caused by the drop in fluid levels during dialysis. Low blood pressure can cause nausea and dizziness. The best way to minimise these symptoms of low blood pressure is to keep to your daily fluid intake recommendations.
Function Of Juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular cells are responsible for the production, storage, and release of a hormone called renin which regulates blood pressure. They are also called granular cells as they have a large amount of renin-secreting granules. They sense the blood pressure in the arteriole and release an adequate amount of renin.
Functions of Macula Densa
Macula densa cells are renal sensor elements that detect changes in distal tubular fluid composition and transmit signals to the glomerular vascular elements. This tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism plays an important role in regulating glomerular filtration rate and blood flow.
Examples of diuretics
Diuretics
Diuretics, also called water pills, are a common treatment for high blood pressure. Find out how they work and when you might need them.
Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. Most of these medicines help your kidneys release more sodium into your urine. The sodium helps remove water from your blood, decreasing the amount of fluid flowing through your veins and arteries. This reduces blood pressure.
Examples of diuretics
There are three types of diuretics:
Thiazide
Loop
Potassium sparing
Each type of diuretic affects a different part of your kidneys. Some pills combine more than one type of diuretic or combine a diuretic with another blood pressure medication.
Which diuretic is best for you depends on your health and the condition being treated
Examples of thiazide diuretics taken by mouth include:
Chlorothiazide
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indapamide
Metolazone
Examples of loop diuretics include:
Bumetanide (Bumex)
Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
Furosemide (Lasix)
Torsemide (Soaanz)
Examples of potassium-sparing diuretics include:
Amiloride (Midamor)
Eplerenone (Inspra)
Spironolactone (Aldactone, Carospir)
Triamterene (Dyrenium)
When diuretics are used
Thiazide diuretics are recommended as one of the first drug treatments for high blood pressure.
If diuretics aren’t enough to lower your blood pressure, your doctor might add other blood pressure medications to your treatment plan.
Diuretics are also used to prevent, treat or improve symptoms in people who have:
Heart failure
Liver failure
Tissue swelling (edema)
Certain kidney disorders, such as kidney stones
Side effects
Diuretics are generally safe. Side effects include increased urination and sodium loss.
Diuretics can also affect blood potassium levels. If you take a thiazide diuretic, your potassium level can drop too low (hypokalemia), which can cause life-threatening problems with your heartbeat. If you’re on a potassium-sparing diuretic, you can have too much potassium in your blood.
Other possible side effects of diuretics include:
Dizziness
Headaches
Dehydration
Muscle cramps
Joint disorders (gout)
Impotence
Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers
These medications lower blood pressure and treat other conditions such as chest pain and an irregular heartbeat.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
Calcium channel blockers are medications used to lower blood pressure. They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. Calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open.
Some calcium channel blockers can also slow the heart rate, which can further lower blood pressure. The medications may also be prescribed to relieve chest pain (angina) and control an irregular heartbeat.
Calcium channel blockers are also called calcium antagonists.
Examples of calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers are available in short-acting and long-acting forms. Short-acting medications work quickly, but their effects last only a few hours. Long-acting medications are slowly released to provide a longer lasting effect. Which one is best for you depends on your health and the condition being treated.
Examples of calcium channel blockers include:
Amlodipine (Norvasc)
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac, others)
Felodipine
Isradipine
Nicardipine
Nifedipine (Procardia)
Nisoldipine (Sular)
Verapamil (Calan SR, Verelan)
Sometimes, a doctor might prescribe a calcium channel blocker with other high blood pressure medications or with cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins.
When calcium channel blockers are used
In addition to being used to treat high blood pressure, a doctor also may prescribe calcium channel blockers to prevent, treat or improve symptoms of conditions, such as:
Coronary artery disease
Chest pain (angina)
Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)
Blood vessel conditions, such as Raynaud’s disease
For blacks and older people, calcium channel blockers might work better than other blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers.
Side effects
Side effects of calcium channel blockers may include:
Constipation
Dizziness
Fast heartbeat (palpitations)
Fatigue
Flushing
Headache
Nausea
Rash
Swelling in the feet and lower legs
Avoid grapefruit products while taking certain calcium channel blockers. Grapefruit juice interacts with the drug and can affect heart rate and blood pressure. This can cause symptoms such as headaches and dizziness.
KIDNEY
Keeping fit
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Drink more water
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Yearly check up
