Acute Allergic Reactions

Answer 1

Acute Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis)
An acute allergic reaction or anaphylaxis is a life-threatening but rapidly reversible condition if treated promptly. Anaphylaxis can develop within minutes of injection or ingestion of medicines or contact with allergen. Persons who are aware of the risk of anaphylaxis are to be informed of avoidance measures, and may be taught the use of an epinephrine (adrenaline) pen.

Question 2

Causes

Answer 2

Causes
y Bee or other insect stings
y Drugs e.g. penicillins, sulphonamides
y Vaccines
y Antisera e.g. snake serum, anti-tetanus serum y Intravenous contrast media
y Foods like seafood, groundnuts, fruit etc.

Question 3

Signs and symptoms

Answer 3

Symptoms
y Severe itching
y Urticarial rash
y Facial and peri-oral swelling y Difficulty in breathing
y Wheeze
y Collapse
y Syncope
Signs
y Angio-oedema
y Difficulty in breathing
y Bronchospasm with wheeze y Tachycardia
y Hypotension
y Cold clammy extremities
y Facial oedema
y Urticaria
y Cyanosis

Question 4

Investigations

Answer 4

Investigations
y FBC (eosinophilia)
y Skin prick test for specific allergens y Serum specific IgE

Question 5

Treatment

Answer 5

STG page 645

Answer 6

Referral Criteria
Refer to district or regional hospital if symptoms of anaphylaxis persist after stabilizing the patient and giving initial treatment