Other NHA Flashcards
1
Q
define fee for service
A
system used for private insurance companies & nonprofits where insurance carriers determined allowed charge through fee schedule/service benefits of covered services but not exact cost
2
Q
what is the primary benefit of the fee for service model
A
only pay for services they use
3
Q
what is the negative of the fee for service model
A
unnecessary visits, procedures, and tests to profit providers
4
Q
define value-based plan
A
insurance coverage that changes based on health outcomes of pt and quality of services received
5
Q
what are the goals of the value-based plan also called?
A
quadruple aim
6
Q
what are the components of the quadruple aim of the value-based plan?
A
- improved pt outcomes
- improved pt satisfaction
- lower cost
- health care professional wellbeing
7
Q
what are the benefits of the value-based plan
A
- prioritizes prevention & early intervention
- clinics & health care systems rewarded financially for keeping pts heatlhy
8
Q
define MANAGED CARE
A
umbrella term for plans that provide health care for preset scheduled payments & coordinated care through defined network of providers & hospitals
9
Q
describe CAPITATION
A
pts are assigned per-member per-month payment rates determined by age, race, sex, lifestyle, medical history, and benefit design that are tied to expected usage regardless of frequency of visits; providers incentivized to avoid high cost tests/procedure to max compensation
10
Q
what is the difference between full and partial capitation
A
in partial only specific services are paid for under capitation
11
Q
describe HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION
A
contract w/medical center/group of providers to give preventative & acute care; generally requires referrals & preauthorization and precertification for hospital admission/outpt procedures/treatments
12
Q
describe PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATION (PPO)
A
more flexible than HMO, does not require PCP or referrals, can see providers in & out of network but can be cheaper to see in network
13
Q
define POINT OF SERVICE plan
A
flexible, self-refer to specialists, no PCP required, cost varies if seeing providers in or out of network
14
Q
purpose of analgesics
A
relieve pain
15
Q
give examples of analgesics
A
acetaminophen, hydrocodone, codeine
16
Q
purpose of antacids/anti-ulcer
A
treat GERD
17
Q
give examples of antacids/anti-ulcer
A
esomeprazole, calcium carbonate, famotidine
18
Q
give examples of antibiotics
A
amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole
19
Q
purpose of antibiotics
A
treat bacterial infections
20
Q
purpose of anticholinergics
A
treat smooth muscle spasms
21
Q
give examples of anticholinergics
A
ipratropium, dicyclomine, hyoscyamine
22
Q
give examples of anticoagulants
A
delays blood clotting
23
Q
give examples of anticoagulants
A
wafarin, apizaban, heparin
24
Q
purpose of anticonvulsants
A
prevent/control seizures
25
give examples of anticonvulsants
clonazepam, phenytoin, gabapentin
26
give examples of antidepressants
doxepin, fluoxetine, duloxetine, selegiline
27
give examples of antidiarrheals
bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide, diphenoxylate/atropine
28
purpose of antiemetics
reduce nausea & vomiting
29
give examples of antiemetics
metoclopramide, ondasetron
30
give examples of antifungals
fluconazole, nystatin, miconazole
31
purpose of antihistamines
relieve allergies
32
give examples of antihistamines
diphenhydramine, cetirizine, loratadine
33
give examples of antihypertensives
metoprolol, lisinopril, valsartan, clonidine
34
give examples of anti-inflammatories
ibuprofen, celecoxib, naproxen
35
purpose of antilipemics
lower cholesterol
36
give examples of antilipemics
atorvastatin, fenofibrate, cholestyramine
37
purpose of antimigraine agents
relieve migraine headaches
38
give examples of antimigraine agents
topiramate, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan
39
purpose of anti-osteoporosis agents
improve bone density
40
give examples of anti-osteoporosis agents
alendronate, raloxifene, calcitonin
41
purpose of antipsychotics
treat psychosis
42
give examples of antipsychotics
quetiapine, haloperidol, resperidone
43
give examples of antipyretics
acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin
44
purpose of skeletal/muscle relaxants
reduce or prevent muscle spasms
45
give examples of skeletal/muscle relaxants
cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol, carisoprodol
46
give examples of antitussives/expectorants
dextromethorphan, codeine, guaifenesin
47
purpose of antitussives/expectorants
control cough & promote elimination of mucus
48
purpose of antivirals
treat viral infections
49
give examples of antivirals
acyclovir, interferon, oseltamivir
50
purpose of anxiolytics
reduce anxiety
51
give examples of anxiolytics
clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam
52
purpose of bronchodilators
relax airway muscles
53
give examples of bronchodilators
albuterol, isoproterenol, theophylline
54
give examples of central nervous system stimulants
methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine
55
purpose of central nervous system stimulants?
reduce hyperactivity
56
give examples of drug contraceptives
medroxyprogesterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol, drospirenone
57
purpose of decongestants
relieve nasal congestion
58
give examples of decongestants
pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline
59
purpose of diuretics
relieve nasal congestions
60
give examples of diuretics
furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide
61
purpose of hormone replacements
stabilize hormone deficiencies
62
give examples of hormone replacements
levothyroxine, insulin, estrogen, desmopressin
63
purpose of laxatives/stool softeners
promote bowel movements
64
give examples of laxatives/stool softeners
magnesium hydroxide, bisacodyl, docusate sodium
65
give examples of oral hypoglemics
metformin, glyburide, pioglitazone
66
purpose of oral hypoglycemics
reduce blood glucose
67
purpose of sedative - hypnotics
induce sleep/relaxation
68
give examples of sedative-hypnotics
zolpidem, temazepam, eszopiclone
69
how many schedules are apart of the Controlled Substances Act
5
70
describe Schedule I of CSA
- high potential for abuse & not approved for medicine in US
- illegal
71
give examples of Schedule I substances of CSA
heroine, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana
72
describe schedule II substances of CSA
- high potential for abuse leading to psychological & physical dependence
- dangerous but approved for medicine
- must be stored in safe/steel cabinet
- prescription must be hand signed
73
give examples of schedule II substances of CSA
morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, amphetamine
74
describe schedule III substances of CSA
moderate to low potential for dependence
75
give examples of schedule III drugs
ketamine, anabolic steroids, acetaminophen w/codeine, buprenorphine
76
describe schedule IV drugs
low potential for abuse & dependence
77
give examples of schedule IV drugs
tramadol, benzodiazepines, diazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam
78
describe schedule V drugs
contain limited quantities of some narcotics usually for antidiarrheal, antitussive, & analgesic purposes
79
give examples of schedule V drugs
atropine, guaifenesin w/codeine, pregabalin
80
What is the refill time for schedule III, IV, & V drugs?
may not be filled/refilled more than 6 months after prescription issued date & may not be refilled more than five times in 6 months
81
define THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
good effects for which provider prescribe them
82
define SIDE EFFECTS
undesirable unintended actions on body such as nausea/dry mouth and can limit usefulness of medication
83
define ADVERSE EFFECTS
unintended, harmful actions of meds preventing further use
84
define INDICATIONS
problems causing provider prescribes particular medications
85
define SIDE EFFECTS
undesirable unintended actions on body that can limit usefulness of medication
86
define CONTRAINDICATIONS
symptoms/conditions that make specific treatment/medication inadvisable or even dangers
87
define PRECAUTIONS
problems that pose lesser risk but require close observation & monitoring during medication therapy
88
if someone has had a previous severe allergic reaction to eggs, what might they be allergic to?
flu vaccine
89
differentiate between side effects and adverse effects
side effects nearly unavoidable but not necessarily harmful, adverse effects are harmful
90
list medications that can be toxic to the liver and should be used with extreme caution when prescribed to pt's with liver disease
- acetaminophen
- phenytoin
- fluconazole
- bupropion
- penicillin
- erythromycin
- rifampin
- ritonavir
- lisinopril
- losartan
91
grapefruit juice interacts with medication and does what
- interfering w/metabolism
- raising levels of medications
- produce toxicity
92
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a specific type of what
antidepressant
93
MAOIs react adversely to what
other antidepressants & tyramine
94
how many ML is 15 drops
1 ML
95
how many mL is 1 tsp
5 mL
96
how many mL is 1 tbsp
15 ML
97
how many mL is 1 fluid oz/2 tbsp
30 mL
98
how many mL is 1 cup
240 mL
99
how many mL is 1 pint
480 mL
100
how many mL is 1 quart
960 mL
101
how many mL is 1 gallon
3,830 mL
102
describe the desired over have formula for dosage calculation
(desired/have) x quantity
103
what methods should be used for adult dosage calculation
- ratio & proportions
- desired/have
104
what methods should be used for pediatric calculation
- dosage by weight
- Body surface area
105
describe the formula to calculate dosage for peds by body surface area
(BSA^2/1.7m^2) x adult dose
106
how are caplets administered
oral
107
how are creams administered
topical, vaginal, & rectal
108
how are drops administered?
otic, ophthalmic, nasal
109
how are emulsions administered
oral
110
how are foams administered
vaginal
111
how are gels administered
oral, topical, rectal
112
how are injectable liquids administered?
IV, IM, SubQ, ID
113
how are liniments administered?
topical
114
how are lozenges administered
oral
115
how are mists administered
inhalation, nasally
116
how are ointments administered
topical, ophthalmic, otic, vaginal, rectal
117
how are powders administered
topical
118
how are powders for reconstitution for administered
IV, IM, subQ, ID
119
how are solid extracts & fluid extracts administered
oral
120
how are solutions administered
oral, topical, vaginal, urethral, rectal
121
how are sprays administered
topical, nasal, inhalation, sublingual
122
how are suppositories administered
vaginal, rectal
123
how are suspensions administered
oral
124
how are syrups administered
oral
125
how are tablets administered
oral, buccal, sublingual, vaginal
126
how are tinctures administered
oral, topical
127
where are common Intradermal injection sites?
upper chest, forearms, upper back
128
where are common IM injection sites
deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal muscles
129
where are common sites for SubQ injections
upper arms, abdomen, buttocks, upper outer thighs
130
define PHARMACOKINETICS
study of how medications move through body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion)
131
define the metabolism phase of pharmacokinetics
turning active forms of meds into harmless metabolites
132
what are the primary organs of metabolism
liver & kidneys
133
define the RIGHTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
collection of safety checks that everyone who administers meds should preform to prevent med errors
134
what are the five rights of medication administration
correct pt, meds, dose, time, and route
135
describe the right pt (5 rights of medication)
use 2 pt identifiers
136
describe the right medication (5 rights of medication)
3 medication checks & check expiration date (check label when retrieving, check when prepping, check when putting meds back)
137
describe the right time (5 rights of medication)
- prep patients for any side effects
- give meds under right conditions
138
what is the correct angle for intradermal injection
10-15 degrees
139
what is the correct angle for subQ injection
45 degrees
140
what are components of right documentation (5 rights of medication)
date, time, quantity, medication, strength, method & location of administration, lot number, expiration date, patient outcome, any positive or negative reaction
141
define nutrients
organic & inorganic materials body needs for energy & cellular activities (growth, repair, immunity, fluid balance, thermoregulation, etc)
142
what does it mean if a nutrient is essential
body cannot produce and must be received through food
143
what are the 6 primary nutrients
water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, & vitamins
144
what factors should be taken account when considering diet?
age, sex, height, weight, & physical activity level
145
how much of the body is water
50-80%
146
what is recommended water intake per day
2-3 liters
147
how much water does the body lose daily on average
1750-3000 mL
148
what are the 3 types of amino acids
essential, conditional, & nonessential
149
what are essential amino acids
amino acids that can't be produced by body
150
define nonessential amino acids
amino acids the body can make
151
define conditional amino acids
not usually essential but might become essential when body is undergoing stress/illness
152
why is using protein for energy wasteful over time
body will lose lean tissue & muscle strength will diminish
153
what can protein deficiency cause
weight loss, malnutrition, fatigue, increased susceptibility to infection
154
list conditions where it is helpful to have extra protein
- recovering from burns/major infections or trauma/surgery
- pregnancy
- breastfeeding
- infancy
- adolescence
155
carbohydrate deficiency can lead to what
protein loss, weight loss, fatigue
156
too many carbohydrates can lead to what
weight gain & tooth decay
157
describe unsaturated fatty acids
- less dense & heavy
- oils
- less potential for raising cholesterol levels
158
describe trans fat
fatty acid used to preserve processed food produces & raises LDL
159
where do saturated fats primarily come from
meat products
160
list purposes of fat
- give structure for cell membranes
- promote growth in kids
- maintain helath skin
- assisst w/protein functions
- help form various horomone function
161
fat deficiency can cause
vitamin deficiencies, fatigue, dry skin
162
