NHA 2 Flashcards
1
Q
describe saturated fats
A
solid at room temp; raises LDL; [rimarily from meat products
2
Q
why are vitamins important even though they don’t provide energy
A
necessary for body to metabolize energy
3
Q
what are the fat-soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E, K
4
Q
what are the water-soluble vitamins
A
B1, B2, B3, B6, folate, B12, panththeic acid, biotin, C
5
Q
define minerals
A
inorganic substances that body needs in small quantities for building & maintaining body structures
6
Q
what are some processes minerals contribute to
A
- rigidity & strength of bone
- muscle contraction & relaxation
- reguate body acid-base balance
- blood clotting
- cofactor for enzymes
- tissue repair
7
Q
what are sources of vitamin A?
A
milk fat, meat, leafy vegetables, egg yolks, fish oil, orange & yellow fruits
8
Q
what are sources of vitamin B
A
fish, meat, poultry, whole grains, seeds, nuts, yeast, avocados, bananas
9
Q
what are sources of vitamin C
A
berries, citrus fruits, green peppers, mangoes, broccoli, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes
10
Q
what are sources of vitamin D
A
sunlight, fortified milk, eggs, fish, liver
11
Q
what are sources of vitamin E
A
fortified cereal, nuts, vegetable oils, green & leafy vegetables
12
Q
what are sources of folate
A
green & leafy vegetables, beans, asparagus, legumes
13
Q
what are sources of vitamin K
A
green & leafy vegetables, dairy products, grain products, meat, eggs, fruits
14
Q
what are sources of pantothenic acid
A
meat, grains, legumes, fruit, vegetables
15
Q
what are sources of sodium
A
beef, pork, sardines, cheese, green olives, sauerkraut
16
Q
what are sources of potassium
A
whole and skim milk, bananas, prunes, raisins
17
Q
what are sources of calcium
A
milk & milk products, meat, eggs, cereals, beans, fruits, vegetables
18
Q
what are sources of phosphorus
A
milk, cheese, meat, poultry, cereals, nuts, legumes
19
Q
what are sources of magnesium
A
green leaves, nuts, cereal grains, seafood
20
Q
what are sources of iron
A
soybean flower, beef, beans, clams, peaches
21
Q
what are sources of iodine
A
seafood, iodized salt, dairy products
22
Q
what are sources of zinc
A
vegetables
23
Q
what components are required to be on food label by USDA?
A
- serving size
- calories per serving
- grams of different types of fat
- amounts of sodium, potassium, cholesterol, total carbs, sugar, & protein
- percentage of recommended daily values for some vitamins & minerals
24
Q
what is the function of vitamin A
A
- night vision
- cell growth & maintenance
- skin health
25
what are safety considerations for vitamin A
- toxic if too much
- headaches
- peeling skin
- bone thickening
26
what are the functions of vitamin D
- calcium absorption
- bone & tooth health
- heart & nerve function
27
what are the safety considerations of vitamin D
- toxic if too much
- kidney failure
- metastatic calcification
- anorexia
28
what is the function of vitamin E
- protection of cells
- formation of blood cells
29
what are the safety considerations of vitamin E?
none
30
what is the function of Vitamin K
blood clotting & bone growth
31
what are safety considerations of vitamin K
can counteract blood clotting meds reducing efficiency
32
what is the function of Vitamin B1
- carbohydrate metabolism
- heart, nerve, & muscle function
33
what are safety considerations in regards to vitamin B1
n/a
34
what is the function of vitamin b12
fat & protein metabolism
35
what are the safety considerations of vitamin B2
n/a
36
what is the function of vitamin B3
carbohydrate & fat metabolism
37
what are the safety considerations in regards to vitamin B3
- toxicity if too much
- red, itching skin w/tingling
38
what is the function of vitamin b6
enzyme assistance in amino acid synthesis
39
what are the safety considerations in regards to vitamin B6
- toxic if too much
- peripheral neuropathy
40
what are the safety considerations of vitamin b12
n/a
41
what is the function of vitamin b12
- protein & fat metabolism
- nerve-celled maintenance
- cell development
42
what is the function of vitamin C
- immunity
- iron absorption
- structure of bones, muscle, & blood vessels
43
what are the safety considerations of vitamin C
n/a
44
what is the function of st. john"s wort
treatment for sleep disorders, depression, anxiety
45
what are safety considerations in regards to st. john's wort
some studies found ineffective and similar to placebo
46
what is the function of black cohosh
relief of menopause symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats, headaches, heart palpitations, mood changes)
47
what are safety considerations in regards to black cohosh
large doses cause vomiting, dizziness, and headache
48
what is the function of melatonin
sleep regulation & combat aging
49
what are safety considerations in regards to melatonin
- drowsiness & headaches
- may interfere w/conception
50
what are safety considerations in regards to willow bark
- do not exceed 240 mg/day
- not safe for those who can't tolerate aspirin
51
what is the function of willlow bark
pain relief
52
what is the function of glucosamine sulfate
promote healthy cartilage formation to maintain/replace wear & tear on joints
53
what are safety considerations in regards to glucosamine sulfate
no more effective than placebo
54
what is the function of gingko biloba
- increase blood flow to brain
- improved memory & mental function
55
what are safety concerns in regards to gingko biloba
extremely high doses lead to nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea
56
what are general guidelines for diet for diabetics
- eat several small, nutrient-dense meals consistently
- avoid/severe limit food high in added sugars
- limit food high in carb esp w/refind grains
- consum more fiber
57
describe the plate amount measurements recommended by CDC for diabetics
- 1/2 non-starchy veggies
- 1/4 food high in carbs (whole grains/food)
- 1/4 lean protein
- water/sugar free drink
58
what are the steps to diet modification for those with chronic kidney disease
1. limit salt/sodium
2. be cautious with protein
3. protect your heart
4. minimize phosphorus intake
5. control potassium levels
59
what should be done to canned foods to limit sodium
rinse with fresh water
60
what foods should be selected for diabetics trying to limit sodium
less than 20% daily value of sodium
61
give examples of lean meats
- skinless poultry
- fish
- beans
- veggies
- low fat/fat free milk
62
excess phosphorus in blood can lead to what
- bone damage
- high risk of fractures
- damage blood vessels
63
what are foods low in phosphorous
- fresh fruit & veggies
- bread, pasta, rice
- corn & rice cereals
- non-enriched rice milk
64
what are examples of higher phosphorus foods to limit
- meat, poultry, fish
- dairy
- bran cereals
- beans, lentils, nuts
65
what are foods lower in potassium
- apples
- peaches
- white bread & pasta
- white rice
- non-enriched rice milk
66
what are foods higher in potassium foods
- oranges
- bananas
- brown & wild rice
- bran cereals
- dairy
- whole-wheat bread & pasta
- beans & nuts
67
the CDC recommendations fro food distribution w/people who have diabetes are based on a dinner plate of what size
9 in
68
what are warning s/s of anorexia nervosa
- self starvation
- perfectionism
- extreme sensitivity to criticism
- weight loss of at least 15%
- amenorrhea
- denial of feelings of hunger
- excessive exercising
- ritualisitic eating behavior
- extreme control of behavior
- unrealistic image of self as obese
69
what does treatment of anorexia nervosa include
- hospitalization
- parenteral nutrition/NG feedings
- psychotherapy
70
why do people have bulimia
usually aimed at gaining control of weight
71
warning s/s of bulimia nervosa
- buying & consuming large amounts of food
- purging after eating excessive amounts of food
- when dining w/others, use bathroom immediately after eating
- use laxatives & diuretics
- keep weight constant while overeating fattening foods
- mood swings
- depression & guilt after binging & purging
72
what are some long term effects of bulimia nervosa
- lesions in esophagus
- erosion of tooth enamel
- electrolyte & hormonal imbalances
73
treatment for bulimia nervosa includes...
- psychotherapy
- medication for anxiety & depression
- dental work
- nutrition counseling
- support groups
74
treatment for binge-eating disorders
- eating healthy foods
- self-acceptance
- awareness of hunger & fullness
- engageing progressively enjoyable physical activity
75
why do people binge eat
coping mechanism
76
purpose of ribosomes
protein synthesis
77
define ribosomes
small granules of RNA found in nucleolus
78
purpose smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
RER: support synthesis and transport of proteins
SER: support synthesis of some lipid molecules including steroids
79
define endoplasmic reticulum
complex connection of membranous fluid-filled, flat sacs & tubular channels connecting cell membrane to nucleus membrane & some organelles
80
define golgi apparatus
4-6 flat membranous sacs connected to ER gen near nucleus
81
purpose of golgi apparatus
packages & releases materials secreted by cell for external use & forms lysosomes
82
purpose of lysosomes
digest waste materials
83
purpose of centrioles
participate in cell reproduction through distribution of DNA to new cells
84
list the 9 regions of abdomen
- right & left hypochondriac
- right & left lumbar
- right & left iliac
- epigastric
- umbilical
- hypogastric
85
function of skin
- protection
- temperature regulation
- excretion
- sensation
- vitamin D production
86
what are the 3 types of muscles
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
87
