other macular Flashcards
macular holes are more common in what population
women over the age of 50
what is the difference between a full thickness hole vs lamellar hole
full = loss of sensory retina lamellar = loss of retina to the photoreceptor layer
list three different possible causes of macular holes
- CSME
- Trama
- Vitreal traction
- idiopathic = macular thinning
t/f in a full thickness macular hole, RPE and choroid are still intact
true
how do macular holes (full thickness) affect vision
usually about 2100-2200, possibly worse
usually sudden decrease in vision
scotoma
describe the appearance of macular holes
usually 1/4 DD.
may have a gray halo around the hole
may have operculum around the hole
yellow spots within the macula hole may represent what
xanthophyll; means that the hole has been there for a long time
what is stage one of the macular hole
no vitreal fovial separation has occurred.
OCT will show cystic changes
yellow ring in fovial area
what is stage two of the macular hole
opening typically small in size
neural retinal defect can be eccentic or central or horse shoe shaped
pseudo operculum maybe
what is stage three of the macular hole
stage 3 = established
full thickness hole, but vitreous still attached
rim of subretinal fluid around the hole
yellow deposits in the hole
what is stage four of the macular hole
full thickness hole with complete PVD
what is the watzke-allen test
when you shine a slit beam into the patients eye and the patient notices a break in the beam
what is the cystoid macular edema?
extra vascular accumulation of serous fluid in outer plexiform layer
what is cystoid macular edema associated with
- aphakes
- surgery (cateract)
- retinovascular disease
- trauma
- drug use (epi)
- epi-retinal membranes
- vitreal traction
how does cystoid macular edema affect visual acuity
20/50 - 20/100
what is cystoid macular edema look like on slit lamp evaluation
subtle orange yellow hue
difficult to detect
what does cystoid macular edema look like on FL angiography
late phase of hyper FL = flower pedal appearance
how do you manage and treat cystoid macular edema
most resolve over several months (3-9).
treatment: possibly N-SAIDS or steroids or surgery
pohs primarily affects what organ
lung
t/f POHS is contagious?
false
causes of POHS become symptomatic in how many and what kind of individuals
only 10% are symptomatic
in immunosurpressed people, infants, and people with lung problems.
what is the habitat for POHS
in the soil from droppings from chickens and bats
what do you see in the fundus with POHS
- histo spots which = yellow white scars, may have pigment.
multiple 1/8 - 1/2 DD.
bilateral
between posterior pole and equator - PPA; usually involves choroid and RPE
- Exudative maculopathy (causes loss of vision)
what are streak lesions
found in POHS.
parallel the aura or equator.
bands of deep pigmentation
