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Neurobiology II > Other Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Other Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional category and function of the olfactory nerve (CN I)?

A
  • Functional Category: Special somatic sensory
  • Function: Olfaction
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2
Q

What is the functional category and function of the optic nerve (CN II)?

A
  • Functional Category: Special somatic sensory
  • Function: vision
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3
Q

What is the functional category and function of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

A
  • Functional Category: Somatic motor
  • Function: Levator palpebrae superior and all extraocular muscles except for superior oblique & lateral rectus
  • Functional Category: Parasympathetic
  • Function: Parasympathetic to pupil constrictor and ciliary muscle for near vision
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4
Q

What is the functional category and function of the Trochlear Never (CN IV)?

A
  • Functional Category: somatic motor
  • Function: Superior oblique muscle; cause depression and intorsion of the eye
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5
Q

What is the functional category and function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A
  • Functional Category: General somatic sensory
  • Function: Sensation of touch, pain, temp, joint position & vibration for the face, mouth, anterior 2/3 of tongue, nasal sinuses & meninges
  • Functional Category: Branchial motor
  • Function: Muscle of mastication & tensor tympani muscle
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6
Q

What is the functional category and function of the Abducens nerve (CN VI)?

A
  • Functional Category: Somatic motor
  • Function: Lateral rectus muscle; causes abduction of the eye
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7
Q

What is the functional category and function of the Fascial nerve (CN VII)?

A
  • Functional Category: Branchial motor
  • Function: Muscle of fascial expression, stapedius muscle, & part of digastric muscle
  • Functional Category: Parasympathetic
  • Function: Parasympathetic to lacrimal glands, and to sublingual, submandibular & all other salivary glands except parotid
  • Functional Category: Visceral sensory (special)
  • Function: Taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
  • Functional Category: General somatic sensory
  • Function: Sensation from a small region near the external auditory meatus
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8
Q

What is the functional category and function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?

A
  • Functional Category: Special somatic sensory
  • Function: Hearing & vestibular sensation
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9
Q

What is the functional category and function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

A
  • Functional Category: Branchial Motor
  • Function: Stylopharyngeus muscle
  • Functional Category: Parasympathetic
  • Function: Parasympathetics to parotid gland
  • Functional Category: General somatic sensory
  • Function: Sensation from middle ear, region near the external auditory meatus, pharynx & posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Functional Category: Visceral sensory (special)
  • Function: Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Functional Category: Visceral sensory (general)
  • Function: Chemo and baroreceptor of carotid body
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10
Q

What is the functional category and function of the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A
  • Functional Category: Branchial motor
  • Function: Pharyngeal muscles (swallowing) & laryngeal muscles (voice box)
  • Functional category: Parasympathetic
  • Function: Parasympathetic to heart, lungs & digestive tract down to the splenic flexure
  • Functional Category: General somatic sensory
  • Function: Sensation from pharynx, meninges & a small region near the external auditory meatus
  • Functional category: Visceral sensory (special)
  • Function: taste from epiglottis & pharynx
  • Functional Category: Visceral sensory (general)
  • Function: chemo & baroreceptors of the aortic arch
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11
Q

What is the functional category and function of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?

A
  • Functional Category: Branchial motor
  • Function: Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) & upper part of trap
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12
Q

What is the functional category and function of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

A
  • Functional Category: Somatic motor
  • Function: intrinsic muscle of the tongue
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13
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei form what?

A
  • 3 motor columns
  • 3 sensory columns
  • Each column serves a different motor or sensory cranial nerve function
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14
Q

Where are cranial nerve nuclei founded and run the length of what?

A
  • Founded in embryological development
  • Run the length of the brainstem
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15
Q

What are the 3 major branches of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)?

A
  • Ophthalmic division
  • Maxillary division
  • Mandibular division
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16
Q

What are the 3 nuclei of the trigeminal nuclear complex?

A
  • Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
  • Chief trigeminal nucleus
  • Spinal trigeminal nucleus
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17
Q

Where does the Trigeminal Nuclear Complex run and where does it receive input from?

A
  • Runs from midbrain to upper c - spine
  • Receive input from CN V (& CNN VII, IX & X)
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18
Q

Where is the Chief Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus located?

A

Lateral pons

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19
Q

What are the primary sensory neurons of the Chief Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus?

A
  • Fine touch & dental pressure
  • Synapse in chief trigeminal sensory nucleus
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20
Q

What are the secondary neuron of the Chief Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus?

A
  • Crosses in brainstem
  • Ascend in trigeminal lemniscus
  • Synapses in the ventral posterior medial (VPM) of the thalamus
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21
Q

What is the tertiary neuron of the Chief Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus?

A

Travels to the face area of the primary somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

How is fine touch and dental pressure sensed?

A

Axons of the secondary neuron travel from the Chief sensory nucleus of CN V to the contralateral VPM via the trigeminal lemniscus

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23
Q

Where is the spinal trigeminal nucleus located?

A

Lateral pops, medulla & upper c-spine

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24
Q

Primary sensory neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus convey what? Where do they enter, decend and then synapse?

A
  • Crude touch, pain & temp
  • Enter lateral pons & descend in the spinal trigeminal tract
  • Synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus
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25
Q

Describe the secondary neuron in the spinal trigeminal nucleus

A
  • Crosses in brainstem
  • Ascends in trigeminothalamic tract
  • Synapses in the ventral posterior medial (VPM) of the thalamus
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26
Q

Where does the tertiary neuron travel of the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

A

Travels to the face area of the primary somatosensory cortex

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27
Q

How is the sensation of crude touch, pain & temp conveyed?

A
  • Axons of the primary sensory neuron descending ipsilaterally in the spinal trigeminal tract
  • Synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus
  • Cross and ascend in the contralateral trigeminothalamic tract to the VPM of the thalamus
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28
Q

Where is Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus & Tract located?

A

Lateral to periaqueductal gray of midbrain

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29
Q

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus receive proprioceptive input from where?

A

Muscles of mastication, tongue & extraocular muscles

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30
Q

What is the only case of the cell body of the primary sensory neuron being located in the CNS? (instead of in peripheral ganglia)

A

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus

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31
Q

What is the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Tract?

A

Ascending & descending fibers from mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus

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32
Q

What is the monosynaptic jaw jerk reflex?

A
  • Descending fibers synapse in the motor trigeminal nucleus in the pons
  • Presence of reflex is an abnormal repose (hyperreflexia)
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33
Q

How is proprioception conveyed?

A

Primary sensory neuron cell body sits within the central nervous system in the mesencephalic nucleus and ascends or descends as the mesencephalic trigeminal tract

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34
Q

Where is the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus located?

A

Upper to mid pons

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35
Q

What does the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus innervate?

A

Muscles of mastication & smaller muscles such as tensor tympani

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36
Q

The trigeminal motor nucleus receives bilateral UMN input from corticobulbar tract. So what occurs with:
- Unilateral UMN lesion?
- Bilareal UMN lesions?

A
  • Unilateral: no deficits
  • Bilateral: brisk jaw jerk reflex
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37
Q

What type of sensory loss is observed with damage to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem?

A

Ipsilateral loss of fascial pain & temperature sensation

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38
Q

Lateral pons and medulla level injury often involve nearby spinothalamic tract. So what sensory loss can be seen with thesis injuries?

A
  • Spinal trigeminal tract (ipsilateral loss of pain & temp in the face)
  • Spinothalamic tract
    (contralateral loss of pain & temp in the body)
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39
Q

What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

Recurrent episodes of brief severe pain in distribution of one or the trigeminal nerve branches (most often v2 or v3)

40
Q

What are some causes of Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A
  • Often unknown
  • Compression of trigeminal nerve
  • MS
41
Q

What are some treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A
  • Meds
  • Possible surgery
42
Q

T/F: Neurological exam of someone with suspect Trigeminal Neuralgia can show normal fascial sensation

A

True

43
Q

Where does the Fascial (VII) receive sensory input from and where does it synapse?

A
  • Receive from region near external auditory meatus
  • Synapse in trigeminal nucleus
44
Q

Where do the preganlionic parasympathetic fibers of the fascial nerve originate?

A

Superior salivary nucleus (pons)

45
Q

What are the 2 places the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the fascial nerve synapse?

A
  1. Sphenopalatin ganglion
  2. Submandibular ganglion
46
Q

When the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse on sphenopalatin ganglion where do postganglionic project where?

A

To lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa

47
Q

When the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse on submandibular ganglion where do postganglionic project where?

A

Submandibular gland and the sublingual salivary glands

48
Q

What parasympathetic control does the fascial nerve have?

A

Control of glands producing tears & saliva

49
Q

In CN VII Facial where do the primary sensory neurons receive sensation from and synapse where?

A
  • Taste sensation from the anterior 2/3s of tongue
  • Synapse in the rostral nucleus solitarius (gustatory nucleus)
50
Q

(CN VII Facial) Where do the secondary neurons on taste sensation project & synapse?

A
  • Project via the ipsilateral central tegmental tract
  • Synapse bilaterally in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus
51
Q

(CN VII Fascial) Where do the tertiary neurons of taste sensation project?

A

Project to the cortical test area (inferior margin of post central gyrus adjacent to tongue somatosensory area and extends into fronto-parietal operculum & insula)

52
Q

Where is the fascial nucleus located?

A

Branchial motor columns (pons)

53
Q

What do facial nerve fascicles form?

A

Facial colliculus by looping dorsally around the abducens nucleus on the floor of the 4th ventricle

54
Q

Facial Nucleus contains cell bodies of LMN that innervate what?

A
  • Muscle of facial expression
  • Part of digastric muscle (open jaw)
  • Stapedius muscle (dampen loud noises)
55
Q

In regards to facial nucleus what is the UMN (corticobulbar) input?

A
  • Inferior part of face (contralateral motor cortex)
  • Superior part of face (bilateral motor cortices)
56
Q

What are the symptoms of the Upper Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Weakness affecting mainly the inferior portions of the contralateral face

57
Q

What are the symptoms of the Lower Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Weakness affecting the entire ipsilateral half of the face

58
Q

What is the most common fascial nerve disorder?

A

Bell’s Palsy

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Bell’s palsy?

A
  • Facial weakness (LMN type)
  • Dry eye (parasympathetic)
  • Retroauricular pain (sensory)
  • Hyperacusis (stapedius)
  • Ipsilateral taste loss to anterior tongue (taste)
60
Q

What is Bell’s palsy, how is the recovery and what is the cause?

A
  • Impaired function evolves over a few hours to day
  • Gradual recovery (80% recover fully in 3 weeks)
  • Cause: Unknown, possible viral/inflammatory mechanism
61
Q

Where does the CN IX Glossopharyngeal (Brachial Motor) arise from?

A

Nucleus ambiguus in the medulla

62
Q

What does the CN IX Glossopharyngeal (Brachial Motor) innervate?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus muscle
  • Elevates pharynx during talking & swallowing
  • Contributes to gag reflex (along with CN X)
63
Q

(CN IX Glossopharyngeal: Parasympathetic) Where do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from, synapse and where do postganglionic fibers travel?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the inferior salivary nucleus
  • Synapse in otic ganglion
  • Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel to the parotid gland
64
Q

Where does CN IX Glossopharyngeal (General Somatic Sensory) receive sensory input from and where does it synapse?

A
  • Posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, middle ear & a region near external auditory meatus
  • Synapse in trigeminal nucleus
65
Q

In regards to CN IX Glossopharyngeal (Special Visceral Sensory) where does primary sensory neurons receive taste sensation from and synapse?

A
  • Taste sensation from posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  • Synapse in rostral nucleus solitarius
66
Q

In regards to CN IX Glossopharyngeal (Special Visceral Sensory) where does the secondary neurons project and synapse?

A
  • Project via the ipsilateral central tegmental tract
  • Synapse bilaterally in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus
67
Q

On regards to CN IX Glossopharyngeal (Special Visceral Sensory) where does the tertiary neurons project?

A

Cortical taste area

68
Q

In regards to CN IX Glossopharyngeal (General Visceral Sensory) what is input from?

A

Input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the carotid body

69
Q

In regards to CN IX Glossopharyngeal (General Visceral Sensory) where does it synapse and where is the information sent to?

A
  • Synapse in the caudal nucleus solitarius of the medulla
  • Info is sent to brainstem regions controlling HR, BP & RR
70
Q

Where does CN X Vagus (Brachial Motor) arise from and innervate?

A
  • Arises from nucleus ambiguous in the medulla
  • Innervates (palate, pharynx, upper esophagus, larynx)
71
Q

UMN innervation to the nucleus ambiguous is received from what?

A

Bilateral motor cortex

72
Q

UMN innervation to the nucleus ambiguous is received from bilateral motor cortex except?

A
  • Palate receives unilateral innervation from contralateral cortes
  • Clinical Significance: Weakness in only the palate with UMN (corticobulbar) lesion, but with all LMN (nucleus of nerve)
73
Q

Where does CN X Vagus (General Somatic Sensory) receive sensory input from?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Meninges
  • Small region near external auditory meatus
74
Q

Where does CN X Vagus (General Somatic Sensory) synapse?

A

Trigeminal nucleus

75
Q

In regards to CN X Vagus (Special Visceral Sensory) where does the primary sensory neurons receive taste sensation and synapse?

A
  • Taste sensation from the epiglottis & posterior pharynx
  • Synapse in the rostral nucleus solitarius
76
Q

In regards to CN X Vagus (Special Visceral Sensory) where does the secondary neurons project and synapse?

A
  • Project via the ipsilateral central tegmental tract
  • Synapse bilaterally in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus
77
Q

In regards to CN X Vagus (Special Visceral Sensory) where does the tertiary neurons project?

A

Cortical taste area

78
Q

CN X Vagus (General Visceral Sensory) receive input from and synapse?

A
  • Input from the baroreceptors & chemoreceptors in the aortic arch
  • Synapse in the caudal nucleus solitarius of the medulla
79
Q

CN X Vagus (General Visceral Sensory): The cardiorespiratory portion of the nucleus solitarius send projections where?

A

Brainstem regions controlling HR, BP & RR

80
Q

The largest part of the vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation where?

A

To the heart, lungs & digestive tract down to the splenic flexure

81
Q

Where do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of CN X Vagus arise from?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X in the medulla

82
Q

Where are postganglionic parasympathetic neuron of the CN X Vagus found?

A

Terminal ganglia near the effector organs

83
Q

Where do CN XI Spinal Accessory Nerve (Brachial Motor) fibers arise from?

A

Spinal accessory nucleus that protrudes laterally between the dorsal & ventral horns of the spinal cord

84
Q

Where do CN XI Spinal Accessory Nerve (Brachial Motor) nerve rootlets leave the spinal cord?

A

Between dorsal & ventral nerve roots just dorsal to dentate ligament

85
Q

Where does CN XI Spinal Accessory Nerve (Brachial Motor) ascend and exit?

A
  • Ascend through the foramen magnum to the intracranial cavity
  • Exits the cranium via jugular magnum to supply the sternocleidomastoid and upper trap muscle
86
Q

UMN lesion of CN XI Spinal Accessory Nerve nucleus shows what?

A
  • UMN input to spinal accessory nucleus
  • Upper trap muscle innervated primarily by contralateral cortex
  • UMN lesion show markedly weak shoulder elevation
87
Q

The SCM muscle receives bilateral innervation from CN XI Spinal Accessory Nerve so UMN lesion would show what?

A

Relative preservation in head turning strength

88
Q

Where is the hypoglossal nucleus located?

A

Midline on the floor of the 4th ventricle in the medulla

89
Q

Where does UMN input to the hypoglossal nucleus arise from?

A

Tongue region of primary motor cortex, descend in the corticobulbar pathway & decussate close to the hypoglossal nucleus

90
Q

Where does the CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve (Somatic Motor) exit and innervate?

A
  • Exits as multiple rootlets between the pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus
  • Innervates all intrinsic & extrinsic tongue muscles except for palatoglossus (CN X)
91
Q

Unilateral tongue weakness causes the tongue to deviate?

A

Towards the weak side with protrusion

92
Q

UMN hypoglossal lesion causes what?

A

Tongue will be weak & deviate contralateral to the lesion

93
Q

LMN hypoglossal lesion causes what?

A

Tongue will be weak & deviate ipsilateral to the lesion

94
Q

Cortex & Corticobulbar input is provided where?

A

Contralaterally
- Lower portion of the face (CN VII)
- Soft palate (CN IX, X)
- Upper trap (CN XI)
- Tongue (CN XII)

95
Q

What is the afferent & efferent from corneal reflex?

A
  • Afferent: Trigeminal (V)
  • Efferent: Facial (VII)
96
Q

What is the afferent & Efferent from jaw jerk reflex?

A
  • Afferent: Trigeminal (V) (Mesencephalic)
  • Efferent: Trigeminal (V) (motor)
97
Q

What is the afferent & efferent from gag reflex?

A
  • Afferent: Glossopharyngeal (IX) & Vagus (X)
  • Efferent: Vagus (X)

Neurobiology II (14 decks)

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