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Neurobiology II > Limbic System & Hypothalamus/ Pituitary Gland (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Limbic System & Hypothalamus/ Pituitary Gland (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Collection of cortical & subcortical structures located in medial & ventral regions of cerebral hemispheres
- Extend from forebrain to brainstem

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2
Q

What makes up the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of the limbic system?

A
  • Homeostatis
  • Olfactory
  • Memory
  • Emotion
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4
Q

What are the main components of the Limbic system?

A
  • Limbic cortex
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdala
  • Olfactory cortex
  • Diencephalon
  • Septal Nuclei
  • Brainstem
  • Basal ganglia
  • Basal forebrain
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5
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus in the limbic cortex?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus: Memory, emotional processing and autonomic nervous system
  • Parahippocampal gyrus: memory processing
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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hippocampal formation and where are they located?

A
  • Located on medial temporal lobe
    1. Dentate gyrus
    2. Subiculum
    3. Hippocampus
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7
Q

What is the hippocampal formation involved in?

A

Memory

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8
Q

What are the functions of each part of the hippocampal formation?

A

Dentate Gyrus: Afferent (Input)
Subiculum: Efferent output
Hippocampus: Efferent output

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9
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

A
  • Emotions
  • Behaviors
  • Emotional response to smell and more
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10
Q

What are the nuclei of the amygdala?

A
  • Corticomedial nucleus (olfaction)
  • Central Nuclei (autonomic control)
  • Basilar nuclear group (all other emotions)
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11
Q

What is within the hypothalamus?

A
  • Mammillary Bodies (main nuclei involved in limbic pathways)
  • ANS nuclei (give rise to para & sympathetic pathways)
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12
Q

What are 2 nuclei involved in the thalamus and what is their function?

A
  • Anterior nucleus (memory)
  • Mediodorsal (emotions & behavior)
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13
Q

What is the septal area?

A

Connected to Habenula, part of reward pathways and involved in dopamine & serotonin

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14
Q

What is an association cortex?

A

Cerebral cortex that is not directly involved with sensation or movement
- Prefrontal cortex & anterior temporal cortex

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15
Q

For each main limbic function what is the key structure associated with:
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion & drives
Homeostasis (autonomic & neuroendocrine control)

A

Olfaction: Olfactory cortex
Memory: Hippocampal formation
Emotion & drive: Amygdala
Homeostasis: Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What is the vascular system of the limbic system and what does each artery supply?

A
  • Anterior cerebral artery (medial surface of frontal & parietal lobe)
  • Posterior cerebral artery (medial, inferior surface of the temporal lobe)
  • Anterior choroidal (cingulate, parahippocampal, amygdala)
  • Branches off circle of Willis (hypothalamus, anterior commissure)
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What is the fornix involved in and what is the pathway?

A
  • Involved in memory pathways
  • Goes from hippocampus formation to septal area OR to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
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19
Q

What is the mammillothalamic tract involved and where does it travel?

A
  • Involved in memory pathways
  • Travels mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
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20
Q

Describe the Stria Terminalis: long way

A
  • Amygdala Pathway
    Goes from amygdala to septal area OR hypothalamus
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21
Q

Describe the Ventral AmygdaloFugal Pathway: Short cut

A
  • Amygdala Pathway
    Amygdala to Septal Area OR hypothalamus OR Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
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22
Q

What is the Medial Forebrain Bundle involved in and describe the pathway?

A
  • Involved in sending info about behaviors, emotions & personalities to the brainstem and back
  • Goes from Amygdala to Hypothalamus to Brainstem
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23
Q

What is the only sensation to pass the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

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24
Q

What is the function of the olfaction?

A

Smell contributes to sensation of odors & to sensation of taste

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25
Q

Describe the overview of the Olfactory System

A

Smell stimulus –> activates Olfactory Receptors –> Olfactory nerves –> through cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone –> Olfactory bulb

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26
Q

After the olfactory bulb is stimulated, sends action potential down the olfactory tract and projects via what? And to where?

A

Via the medial and lateral olfactory stria
To the:
- Primary olfactory cortex
- Orbital Frontal Olfactory Cortex
- Corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala
- Parahippocampal gyrus

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27
Q

What does the primary olfactory cortex receive direct input from?

A

Secondary sensory neurons without an intervening thalamic relay

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28
Q

What is the function of the Corticomedial nucleus of the amygdala and the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Corticomedial nucleus: Emotional & motivational response related to smell
Parahippocampal (enterohinal cortex): Evoke vivid memory of smells

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29
Q

Along with medial temporal lobes what is responsible for declarative memory?

A

Hippocampal Formation

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30
Q

What does the intrinsic circuity of the hippocampus formation play a role in?

A

Memory formation and processing

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31
Q

Hippocampal formation has important connections to prefrontal association cortex so memory is involved in what?

A

Decision making
Consult your memory to make sure this is the right decision

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32
Q

What is papez ciruit responsible for?

A

Memory processing and learning

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33
Q

Describe the Papez Ciruit

A

Subiculum (output) of the hippocampus –> through fornix to Mammillary Bodies of the Hypothalamus –> through the mammilo- thalamic tract to anterior nucleus of the thalamus to –> upward cingulate sulcus and prefrontal association cortex –> to parahippocampal gyrus (enterohinal) –> to dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

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34
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A
  • Loss of memories for events that occurred before the trauma or disease
  • Retrieving memories from 1-12 years ago (medial temporal lobe)
  • Retrieving memories from 13-30 years ago (prefrontal, parietal, & temporal association cortex)
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35
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory following an event
(Medial temporal lobe)

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36
Q

What is wernicke’s Encephalopathy/ Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

Destruction of mammillary bodies of hypothalamus due to thiamine (B1) deficiency (alcoholism)
- Sxm: profound memory loss, confabulation, impulsive, eye movement abnormalities, ataxia

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37
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Bilateral hippocampal, temporal & basal forebrain structures disruption of cholinergic neurons resulting in progressive dementia/memory loss

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38
Q

What psychogenic amnesia?

A

Memory loss for events of particular emotional significance

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39
Q

In patients presenting amnesia with TBI what structures are injured?

A

Those involving memory
- Upper brain stem for arousal (reticular formation): need to pay attention
- Hippocampus: lay down new memory
- Frontal Lobes: retrieve these memories

40
Q

In patients with amnesia with TBI what happens because of excess neurotransmitters?

A
  • Overload causes less neurotransmitter being used for attention & memory
  • Later in recovery (these neurotransmitters become deficient and healing varies)
41
Q

What is effected in an anoxic brain injury?

A
  • Hippocampus, cerebellum & basal ganglia with worse prognosis
42
Q

What are some treatment for patient with amnesia with a TBI?

A
  • Use organizers, checklists, cell phone calendars
  • Memory station: keep keys, wallet there
  • Reduce distractions
  • Ask other to speak slowly & repeat
43
Q

What is a seizure?

A

High frequency electrical discharge and firing of neurons in brain resulting in abnormal experience or behavior

44
Q

What are the two types of generalized seizures?

A

Grand mal or Tonic-clonic seizure

45
Q

What is the difference between the tonic and clonic phase?

A

Tonic: all muscles stiffen & person falls over
Clonic: rhythmic bilateral jerking

46
Q

What is the symptoms of a Ictal autonomic response?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • HTN
  • Hypersalivation
  • Pupillary dilation
47
Q

What are the symptoms post- ictal?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Amnesia
  • Headache
  • Deep breathing to compensate for respiratory acidosis
48
Q

What is the difference between a simple and complex seizure?

A

Simple: aware during seizure & symptoms depend on brain region
Complex: Impaired consciousness & affects a wider ares

49
Q

In a simple seizure what will the right motor cortex hand area cause and what will the visual association cortex?

A

Right motor cortex hand area: hand twitching
Visual association cortex: hallucinations

50
Q

Where are seizures common?

A

Medial Temporal lobe

51
Q

What are some causes of seizure?

A
  • Genetic
  • Fever
  • Head trauma
  • CVA
  • Infection
  • Electrolyte abnormality
52
Q

What are some treatment options of seizures?

A
  • Meds
  • Surgery
  • Ketogenic diet
  • Neurostimulation
  • Hemisperectomy in under 2-3 y/o
53
Q

A patient may report an aura before seizures, what is that?

A

Visceral sensation in epigastric area, feeling of déjà vu, strange/unpleasent odors, feelings of extreme dear & anxiety

54
Q

When may memory loss happen during seizures?

A

repeated resulting in hippocampus sclerosis

55
Q

How may symptoms present during seizures on contralateral & ipsilateral?

A

Contra: dystonia
Ipsi: automatisms (repetitive behavior such as limb patting or stroking or lip smacking)

56
Q

What is the function of the amygdala in emotional response?

A

In a situation where you feel fear, anger, rage, sadness the amygdala needs to communicate with other structures

57
Q

How do the amygdala and olfaction interact?

A
  • Emotional & motivation aspects of olfaction
  • Goes from amygdala to the olfactory bulb
58
Q

How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact?

A
  • Hippocampal formation & amygdala have reciprocal connections
  • Amygdala attaches emotional significance to memories (more likely to remember if a memory is linked with emotion)
59
Q

Where does the amygdala receive info from that gives specific emotion?

A
  • Association cortex
    -prefrontal cortex (reasoning, judgement, decision making, personality, behavior)
    • Somatosensory association cortex
    • Visual association cortex
    • Auditory association cortex
    • Olfactory association cortex
  • Temporal Lobe (memory)
60
Q

Where is the voluntary ability to regulate emotions?

A

Through lateral prefrontal cortical areas

61
Q

What is the long way of the amygdala pathways?

A
  • Stria Terminalis
    • Fornix of the amygdala
    • Travels along the wall of the lateral ventricle (C-shaped)
62
Q

What is the shortcut of the amygdala pathway?

A
  • Ventral Amygdalofugal Pathway
    • Also provides input to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
63
Q

Both the stria terminals and ventral amygdalofugal pathway travel to/from amygdala to/ from where?

A
  • Septal area
  • Hypothalamus
  • Then goes to other areas including brainstem, basal ganglia & prefrontal association cortex to guide decisions, behaviors & movement
64
Q

Amygdala sends information to hypothalamus via stria terminals or ventral amygdalofuglal pathway, what behaviors does it control?

A
  • Appetite (satiety or hunger)
  • Sexual behavior to release oxytocin or gonadotropin
65
Q

Besides the amygdala what two main areas are involved in the reward seeking pathway?

A
  1. Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  2. Ventral Striatum
66
Q

What does lesion or dysfunction in ventral striatum cause?

A

-Apathy
-loss of initiative
- spontaneous thought
- emotional response

67
Q

What does excessive activity in ventral striatum cause?

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder

68
Q

Hypothalamus connections are important for what 3 mechanisms?

A
  1. Emotional influence on autonomic pathways
  2. Homeostasis including immune function
  3. Homeostasis as it related to motivation & reproduction
69
Q

How does the mesolimbic pathway work?

A
  • Ventral Tegmentum to Ventral Striatum
    –> communicate with ventral tegmental area (midbrain) –> send dopaminergic neurons –> nucleus accumbens
70
Q

How does the cortico-basal ganglia thalamic circuit/mesocortical pathway work?

A
  • VTA to medial prefrontal association cortex

–> communicates with ventral tegmental area –> send dopaminergic neurons –> medial dorsal thalamic nuclei –> medial prefrontal cortex

71
Q

Overall how does the reward seeking pathway work?

A

Dompaminergic neurons from ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain to the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex

72
Q

What do people with addiction have lower numbers of?

A
  • Lower levels of dopamine receptors than typical people
73
Q

in depression what region is hypoactive?

A

Ventral striatum

74
Q

In OCD what region is hyperactive?

A

Ventral striatum

75
Q

In anxiety what region is hyperactive?

A

Amygdala

76
Q

What homeostatic change is seen with emotion?

A

Really scared: shaking, pilo errection
Embarrassed: cheeks get red (vasodilation)
Nervous: blotchy, sweaty

77
Q

What nuclei of the amygdala sense the emotion of fear & anxiety?

A

Central nuclei

78
Q

Describe the homeostasis pathway: autonomic response

A

Hypothalamus via (stria terminalis or ventral amygdalofugal)
Descending autonomic fibers go to brainstem (via medial forebrain bundle)
Synapse onto: parasympathetic nuclei (brainstem & sacral region) & sympathetic nuclei (T1-L2 in thoracolumbar region)

79
Q

What is within the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
80
Q

What functions is the hypothalamus involved in?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Endocrine
  • Autonomic
  • Limbic
81
Q

what effect does the hypothalamus have on homeostasis ?

A

-Circadian rhythms
- Appetite
- Thirst
- Drive

82
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in endocrine control?

A

Release hormones and stimulatory/inhibitory factors to pituitary

83
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in autonomic nervous system?

A

Descending projection influence sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

84
Q

What function does the hypothalamus have on limbic system?

A

Emotions & memory

85
Q

What structures are involved in homeostasis?

A

Behaviors via connection with limbic & release of hormones

86
Q

What structures are involved in endocrine control?

A

Hypothalamic - Pituitary feedback loop control the release of hormones

87
Q

What structures are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Medial forebrain bundle

88
Q

What structures are involved in the limbic system?

A

Connections with amygdala via: stria terminalis & ventral amygdalofugal pathway
Hippocampus to mammillary bodies (fornix)
Mammillary bodies to anterior thalamic nuclei (mammillothalamic tract)

89
Q

What hormones are released from Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle- stimulation hormone (FSH)
90
Q

What does ATCH do?

A
  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid hormones
  • Important for BP & electrolyte regulation
91
Q

What does GH do?

A

Stimulate organs to secrete hormones to promote growth in long bones & other tissues

92
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Mammillary glands to produce milk

93
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Cellular hormone

94
Q

What does FSH do?

A
  • Regulate ovarian hormones for mentration & ovulation in females
  • Regulate testicular hormones & spermatogenesis in males
95
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone released from and what does it do?

A

-Posterior pituitary gland
- Increase reabsorption of water in kidney
- Allows concentration of urine

96
Q

Where is oxytocin released and what does it do?

A
  • Posterior pituitary gland
  • Stimulates smooth muscle in uterus
  • Elicits milk expulsion in lactating females
97
Q

What are some things that pituitary tumors can cause?

A
  • Headaches
  • Nausea & vomitting
  • Irregular menses & lactation
  • Secular dysfunction
  • High blood pressure
  • Increased glucose
  • Acromegaly
  • Cushings disease
  • Bitemproal hemianopia

Neurobiology II (14 decks)

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