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Cardio Pulmonary > Other Cardiac Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Other Cardiac Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What is Holter Monitoring?

A
  1. Continuous 24 hr EKG monitoring
  2. Ordered for detecting and assessing arrhythmias and for evaluating effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy
  3. used in both inpatient and outpatient
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2
Q

PT implications for Holter Monitoring

A
  1. know the pt is using one
  2. know the results and change treatment plan accordingly
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3
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

provides ultrasound images of the heart

allows visualization of abnormal cardiac anatomy and determination of abnormal cardiac function/physiology

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4
Q

List things that an electrocardiogram will provide images for

A
  1. size of the ventricular cavities
  2. thickness and integrity of interartial and intraventricular septa
  3. function of the valves
  4. motions of individual segments of ventricular wall
  5. volumes of the L ventricles
  6. assessment of performance of the heart muscle itself
  7. estimates SV and EF
  8. allows analysis of motion of valves and heart muscle
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5
Q

T/F: echocardiograms provide a real time image of a beating heart?

A

TRUE

can also provide info about blood flow

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6
Q

List and briefly describe the types of echocardiography

A
  1. Surface or transthoracic
    • echo transducer is moved on the skin over the heart
  2. Transesophageal
    • echo transducer is swallowed
    • provides a very clear image of those heart structures and valves
  3. Stress
    • imaging done while the pt is exercising or immediately afterwards (or both)
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7
Q

when is a transesophageal echo used?

A

aka TEE

  • used when image quality is confounded by obesity, chest deformities, pulmonary disease
  • invasive, contraindicated for those with dysphagia.
    • may cause breathing problems or bleeds
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8
Q

list additional types of echocardiographs

A
  1. 3D echocardiography
    • newest form
    • displays intracardiac anatomy
  2. Contrast echocardiograph
    • provides an assessment of aortic stenosis, pulmonary vein flow analysis
    • improved diagnostic accuracy in assessing myocardial perfusion and ventricular chambers
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9
Q

echo report abbreviations

A
  1. IVS → interventricular septum thickness
  2. PW → posterior wall thickness
  3. LVID → LV inside diameter
  4. RWT → Relative wall thickness
  5. FS → fractional shortening
    • relationship between LV dimensions and EF
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10
Q

Describe what PET is

A

Positron Emission Tomography

  • measures cardiac metabolism (glucose, FFA) and blood flow of heart
  • requires specialized equipment, highly trained personnel, very expensive
  • uses a radioactive labeled glucose
  • imaging allows for quantification and qualification of regional myocardial tracer distribution
    • blood flow/areas of underperfusion
  • detects tissue viability, and function
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11
Q

what is the gold standard assessment for blood flow measurement and metabolic assessment of the heart?

A

PET

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12
Q

List types of imaging of the heart

A
  1. PET
  2. Radionuclide perfusion imaging
  3. Thallium stress test
  4. MRI
  5. Coronary angiography
  6. CT
  7. CAT angiography
  8. Cardiac calcium scan
  9. Doppler ultrasound
  10. MUGA scan
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13
Q

what is radionuclide perfusion imaging?

A
  1. evaluates cardiac perfusion and function at rest and during dynamic exercise and global and regional L ventricular systolic function
    • commonly used Thallium-201
    • follow radioactive labels as they move into cardiac tissue
    • taken up by cardiac tissue based on coronary blood flow
    • assesses blood flow and cell membrane intregity
    • cells must be perfused and metabolic to be “hot”
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14
Q

describe a thallium stress test

A
  1. cardiac or nuclear stress test
    • nuclear imaging stress test shows how well blood flows in the heart while exercises or at rest
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15
Q

what is an MRI?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • uses the movement of water molecules in a magnetic field to create an image
  • originally used for assessing cardiac anatomy and congenital malformations and to ID masses/thrombi
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16
Q

what can an MRI currently be used for pertaining to cardiac disease?

A
  1. Currently evaluates:
    • valvular disease
    • cardiac shunts
    • cardiac flow
    • coronary artery anatomy
  2. evaluates morphology, blood flow, and contractility
17
Q

what is a coronary angiogram?

A
  1. an X-ray examination of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart that have been perfused with a special dye (cardiac cath.)
    • this fluid is visible via X-ray and the pictures obtained are called angiograms
18
Q

what can a coronary angiogram help detect?

A
  1. Presence and severity of:
    • CAD
    • LV, atrial, pulmonary vein, CA dysfunctions
    • valvular heart disease
19
Q

PT implications of left heart cathererization

A
  1. due to the arterial incision site (femoral artery), bed rest is recommended for 6-8 hours with involved LE straight
  2. knee immobilizer to minimize hip flexion
  3. monitor for groin hematomas and pain
20
Q

PT implications of right heart catheterization

A
  1. used to dx right ventricular, atrial, and pulmonary artery impairments
  2. the incision site is generally via the external jugular vein and there are no activity restrictions
21
Q

what is a CT scan?

A

Computer Tomography

  1. combine series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues inside your body
    • provides more detail than plan X-rays do
    • same as CAT scan
22
Q

what is a CAT angiogram?

A
  1. A CT coronary angiogram is an imaging test that looks at the arteries that supply blood to your heart
  2. used to dx and treat blood vessel diseases and conditions
  3. invovles the use of contrast material
23
Q

a CAT angiogram can be used to dx what conditions?

A
  1. aneurysms
  2. blockages
  3. blood clots
  4. congenital (birth-related) abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, including the heart
  5. disorganized blood vessels, such as vascular malformations
  6. vessel rupture or tears
24
Q

what are cardiac calcium scans?

A
  1. uses special X-ray equipment to produce pictures of the coronary arteries to determine if they are blocked or narrowed by the buildup of plaque
  2. x-ray beam is sensitive to different intracellular Ca2+ content
  3. when calcium is present, the higher the score, the higher one’s risk of heart disease
25
Q

interpretation of cardiac calcium scans

A
  • zero = no plaque
  • 1-10 = small amount of plaque
  • 11-100 = some plaque
  • 101-400 = moderate amount of plaque
26
Q

what is a doppler ultrasound?

A

a noninvasive test that can be used to estimate the blood flow through your blood vessels by bouncing high-frequency soundwaves (ultrasound) off circulating RBCs. It turns sound waves into images

27
Q

what can a doppler ultrasound show

A
  1. DVT
  2. blockage in arteries
  3. check blood flow in your veins, arteries, and heart
  4. locate aneurysms
28
Q

what are MUGA scans?

A
  1. Creates video images of the lower chambers of the heart to check whether they are pumping blood properly
  2. it shows any abnormalities in the size of the chambers and in the movement of blood through the heart
  3. involves the use of a radioactive tracer

Cardio Pulmonary (21 decks)

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