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Bio/Biochem > Other biochemistry molecules > Flashcards

Other biochemistry molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Keq effects on Gibbs free energy

A

ΔG= ΔG ° + RT lnKeq

Q> Keq: non spontaneous
Q

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2
Q

Lipid structure built from fatty acids

A

Backbone: e.g sphingosine, glycerol
Head group: charged or neutral
Fatty acid side chain

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3
Q

Digestion of fats

A

Lipids enter small intestine nearly fully intact.

Emulsification occurs in duodenum

  • aided by bile
  • increases surface area.

Pancreas secretes lipase, colipase, cholesterol esterase

It hydrolyses lipids into lipid components: cholesterol, free fatty acids

Micelles formed from these components.

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4
Q

Absorption of fats

A

Micelles absorbed into mucosal cells of small intestine.

Digested lipids re-esterified into triacylglycerols and cholesterols esters.
- lipids packaged into chylomicrons.

They are more water soluble and can diffuse directly into bloodstream

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5
Q

Transport of lipids

A

Albumin: carrier protein
- protein binds to lipids and carries around bloodstream

Lipoproteins: aggregation of apolipoproteins and lipids
- bond to lipids and transport around bloodstream and lymph

Types of lipoproteins (picture)

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6
Q

Apolipoproteins

A

Receptor proteins involved in signaling that attach to lipids and help transport them around the body.

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7
Q

Cholesterol metabolism

A

From diet or synthesized in liver

HMG-CoA reductase key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

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8
Q

Anabolism of fatty acids

A

Occurs in liver

Major enzymes: acetyl-CoA caboxylase, fatty acid synthase

Stimulated by insulin

Major products: palmetic acid

The Citrate/ Malate Shuttle

  • acetyl-CoA accumulates in mitochondrial matrix.
  • Major enzymes:
    1. Citrate synthase
    2. Citrate lease (cytosol)

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (happens in cytoplasm)

  • substrate: acetyl-CoA.
  • activated by citrate and insulin
  • requires biotin and ATP
  • product is malonyl-CoA

Fatty Acid Synthase ( happens in cytoplasm)

  • substrate: malonyl-CoA
  • activated by insulin
  • requires vitamin B5 and NADPH
  • product is palliatif acid.
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9
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids

A

Reverse of fatty acid synthesis

Occurs in mitochondria

Activated by fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase and attached of CoA to fatty acid.

Repetition of four steps oxidizing and releasing acetyl-CoA. Each cycle produces:

  • 1 acetyl-CoA
  • 1 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
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10
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Synthesis of ketones

Occurs in the mitochondria

2 important enzymes:

  • HMG-CoA synthase forms HMG- CoA
  • HMG-CoA lyase breaks HMG-CoA into acetoacetate
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11
Q

Ketolysis

A

Breakdown of Ketones

Occurs in mitochondria

Thiophorase activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA

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12
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

High ketone concentration leads to low blood pH. Caused by:

  • type 1 diabetes ( low insuline conc.)
  • starvation ( low blood sugar, glycogen stored maxed)
  • alcohol excess ( low insulin production, malnourishment)
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13
Q

Carbohydrate structure

A

General formula: CnH2nOn

Suffix: ose

Most carbohydrate are D carbohydrates E.g D-glucose

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14
Q

Isomeric forms (carbohydrate structure)

A

Classes of Diastereomers

  • Epimers: differ at one chiral carbon
  • Anomers: differ at new chiral carbon formed by ring closure.
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15
Q

Cyclic conformations

A

Anything on the left side of Fischer project= top of Hawthorne projection

Anything on the right side of Fischer project= bottom of Hawthorne projection

α- D- glucose: functional group attached to anomeric carbon pointing downwards

β- D- glucose: functional group attached to anomeric carbon pointing upwards

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16
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

Dehydration reaction:

OH group of anomeric carbon with acetyl group, between sugars.

17
Q

Fermentation

A

Pyruvate reduced to:

  • Ethanol in alcoholic fermentation.
    1. done by yeast and some bacteria
  • Lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation.
    1. Some fungi and bacteria
    2. Muscle cells

Replenishes NAD+

18
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Opposite of glycolysis

Changing 2 pyruvate back into glucose

Important substrates

  • G3P
  • Lactate
  • Glucogenic amino acids

Since some steps irreversible in glycolysis some enzymes undo these changes.

  • pyruvate —> oxaloacetate (via pyruvate carboxylase) (step 10)
  • phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (step 10)
  • Fructose-1,6- Bisphophatase (step 3)
  • Glucose-6-Phosphatase (step 1)
19
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Occurs in cytoplasm

Parallel to glycolysis and alternate path for glucose.

Forms ribulose-5- phosphate which then forms nucleotides

Rate limiting enzyme: glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase

20
Q

Tissue specific metabolism

A

Absorptive state: fed state

Post absorptive state: fasting state

21
Q

Regulation and integration of metabolism

A

Insulin: liver, muscles, adipose

  • decreases glucose
  • increases lipids

Glucagon: liver, muscle, adipose

  • increases glucose
  • decreases lipids (doesn’t affect muscle)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- promotes mobilization of energy stores.

Catecholamines

  • increase activity of liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase
  • increase lipolysis in adipose tissue.

Thyroid hormones

  • T3 and T4
  • increase Catecholamine effect and also increase basal metabolic rate.
22
Q

Analysis of metabolism

A

Measure metabolism using respiratory measures (respiratory quotient)

23
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Preparation

A

Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA

Enzyme: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)

Net result: 2 NADH—> 5 ATP

24
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A
  1. Pyruvate —> Citrate
  2. Citrate—> Isocitrate
  3. Isocitrate—> 𝛼 ketoglutarate (NADH and CO₂)
  4. 𝛼 ketoglutarate—> Succinyl-CoA (NADH and CO₂)
  5. Succinyl-CoA—> Succinate (GTP)
  6. Succinate—> fumurate (FADH ₂)
  7. fumurate—> malate
  8. malate—> oxaloacetate (NADH)

Step 1,3 and 4 are irreversible.

25
Q

Biosignaling

A

Communication within and between cells

26
Q

Gated Ion channels

A

Moves ions across them via facilitated diffusion.

Close under certain circumstances.

27
Q

Voltage Gated Ion Channels.

A

Closes when there is a change in the membrane voltage

28
Q

Ligand Gated Ion Channels

A

Ligand binds to channel at ligand binding domain.

Once ligand attaches, Transmembrane Domain will open up and allow the ions to go through.

29
Q

G-protein Coupled Receptors

A

Have characteristic 7 transmembrane domain
- amino side is extra cellular and carboxylic side intracellular

Cellular signal transduction.

Detect molecules outside cell.

Bind ligand and activate G-protein.

G-protein interacts with ion channel or an enzyme.

Types:
Gs: stimulates adenylate cyclase
Gi: inhibits adenylate cyclase
Gq: activates phospholipids C

30
Q

Oncogenes

A

Proto-oncogenes: positive cell cycle regulators ( cell cycle progresses and cell growing).
- a mutation causes them to become oncogenes which makes the cell become cancerous.

Tumor suppressor genes: negative cell cycle regulators (cell doesn’t grow too much)

31
Q

Electron transport chain

A

What: Major energy producing pathway. Electron Carriers from Krebs Cycle pass electrons to e- transport chain generated an electrochemical gradient. H+ ions flow down gradient through ATP synthase protein yielding ATP.

Where: within the mitochondria. H+ ions in the inter membrane space and e- transport chain proteins + ATP synthase in inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP produced in mitochondrial matrix.

When: process yields high amount of energy, BUT only when O2 is present as final electron acceptor. This is why aerobic organisms need to breathe.

Bio/Biochem (9 decks)

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