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1
Q

what are the 3 main components of behavior (think ABC)

relative vs. absolute poverty

A
  • affective (emotion)
  • behavioral
  • cognitive

relative is inability to pay for things that others can afford, absolute is inability to pay for essentials

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2
Q

what granulocyte is most similar to macrophages?

what does carboxylase do?

what is game theory?

A

neutrophils

adds CO2

branch of decision theory focusing on interactive decisions whenever the actions of 2+ decision makers jointly determine an outcome that affects them all (e.g. prisoner’s dilemma)

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3
Q

what thyroid hormone regulates metabolism?

what is goiter?

what is egocentrism? ethnocentrism?

A

thyroxine (T4)

increased mass of thyroid

egocentrism is narcissism, that you are the center of attention and cant see things from other points of view
- ethnocentrism is the idea that your culture is superior

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4
Q

what is trait perspective?

what is spreading activation?

escape vs. avoidance learning

A

individual personality can be broken into countless stable traits across human culture

activating parts of your semantic network through association/memory (e.g. firetruck)

escape is performing a behavior to terminate an unpleasant stimulus, avoidance is avoiding stimulus ahead of time b/c of a signal

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5
Q

what are the trends for the periodic table?

what are heuristics?

what is goffmans theory of dramaturgy

A

up and right is:
IE, EN, Zeff, nonmetallic character
down and left is:
AR, metallic character

mental shortcuts

the idea of front vs back stage

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6
Q

lysosomal autophagy vs. crinophagy

MTs vs. IFs vs. MFs

A

autophagy is digesting parts of cell or other cell, crinophagy is digestion of excess secretary products

  • MFs are actin and deal w/ gross movement of the cell
  • IFs are made up of many diff protein polymers. provide structural support for the cell (Resist mechanical stress)
  • MTs help cells move (cilia or flagella) and help during mitosis (centrosomes (centrioles -> kinetochore)), form axon and use kinesin/dynein to shuttle things down axon
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7
Q

embryogenesis derivatives

if there is no data skew in one direction, then what kind of error is impossible?

what are somatic cells?

A
  • endoderm - forms GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas
  • mesoderm - inner skin layers, muscle, bone, heart, kidneys, bladder, sex organs
  • ectoderm - outer layer of skin, hair, nervous system

systematic error

cells that aren’t germline cells, they undergo mitosis and are identical

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8
Q

where does glycolysis occur? CAC? ETC?

how many NADH and FADH2 are produced after glycolysis and CAC for 1 pyruvate? 2 pyruvates?

A

cytoplasm, inner membrane space (of mitochondria), inner space then pumps H+ into matrix

5 NADH and 1 FADH2, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2

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9
Q

what are the BCL-2 cells in mitochondria? what are the 2 types?

what is a caspase and what is it activated by?

what vapor pressure equal ambient pressure, what happens?

A

BCL-2 cells are associated w/ apoptosis, pro and anti apoptotic

C-ASP-ASE is a protease that cleaves after Asp residues using a cysteine residue
- activated by cytC being released from mitochondria

boiling point is reached

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10
Q

what does red litmus paper do?

what is faraday’s constant in C? avogadros # for Vol. of 1mol of gas at STP?

what are units of Intensity?; units for diopters?

A

red litmus paper turns blue in presence of a base

10^5C; 22.4

W/m^2; m^-1

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11
Q

what is visual color spectrum mnemonic and parameters?

when is an acid inorganic? what doesn’t change in refraction?

for autosomal dominant mutations, is it 1 or 2 copies of mutated alleles?

A

ROYGBV (400nm-700nm red is biggest)

when it doesn’t include carbons; FREQUENCY

can be 1 or 2 copies

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12
Q

explain polarity of product and Rf value

explain high or low Ka and pKa for strong acids

A

If product is more polar than starting material, it has a lower Rf than starting material

strong acids have HIGH Ka’s and LOW pKa’s

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13
Q

what is change in sound level equation (dB)?

what is intensity equation?

what is equation for power and focal length, what does +P and -P mean?

A

deltaB = 10log(If/Ii)

I=P/A

P = 1/f = 1/di + 1/do (+P means convex, -P means concave)

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14
Q

what is equation for pipe open at one end for wavelength?

what is equation for relating intensity and mol e- and faraday’s constant and time?

what are signs of the nodes for galvanic vs. electrolytic cells?

A

lambda = 4L/n

I (t) = mol e- (F)

galvanic cell anode is negative and cathode is positive, electrolytic cell cathode is negative and anode is positive

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15
Q

what is the sign for focal length for diverging lens?

what is the only image formed by a diverging lens?

explain diff b/w + vs - enantiomers

A

-f

virtual, upright, and reduced

a + compound rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise, a - compound rotates plain of light counterclockwise

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16
Q

gap junctions vs tight junctions vs desmosomes

lytic vs. lysogenic viral replication

A
  • gap junctions is a tunnel b/w cells that lets ions be shared b/w cells (cells for APs like cardiac muscle)
  • tight junctions DO NOT let any ions move b/w cells
  • desmosomes hold 2 cells together (by cytoskeleton) and allows ions to flow b/w cells to get by (cells w stress)

lytic cycle is when virus is impatient and keeps making more and reforming and lysing cell and spreading rapidly, lysogenic cycle is when virus is in latent phase and is part of host’s replicating genome, and then becomes active at some point

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17
Q

explain retrovirus and the roles of reverse transcriptase and integrase
- how is it different from lysogenic cycle?

viroids vs. prions

what’s made in adrenal cortex vs. medulla?

A

reverse transcriptase does RNA->DNA and then integrase cuts 3’ ends making sticky ends, which helps viral DNA integrate with host DNA
- NO LATENT PHASE

BOTH ARE INFECTIOUS

  • viroids are small circular ssRNA; can self cleave to make more viroids
  • prions have NO GENETIC MATERIAL, only made up proteins

cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone, medulla produces catecholamines (epi/norepi)

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18
Q

define self serving bias

bacterial transformation vs. conjugation vs. transposition vs. transduction

A

individuals experiencing self-serving bias attribute their own negative behaviors to situational variables

  • transformation is moving part of bacterial DNA from chromosome to plasmid or vice versa
  • conjugation uses F factor (F+) to link with F- and transfer copy of plasmid, making it F+ also
  • transposition is taking DNA from environment and using it (can’t use it lysing agent is present)
  • transduction is when viral DNA is injected into bacterial cell
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19
Q

sleep stages N1 vs N2 vs N3

what are the components/percentages of E. Coli’s cell membrane?

T or F platelets have nuclei

A
  • N1 - theta waves, stage b/w sleep & wakefulness, hallucinations
  • N2 - sleep spindles/K complexes, deeper sleep
  • N3 - delta waves, hard to arouse

75% protein, 25% phospholipids BY MASS

FALSE

20
Q

what happens to a charged particle in an electric field (movement)?

which direction do electric field lines point?

if liquid is higher inside than outside, what does that mean about ambient pressure?

A

it accelerates in the direction that attracts it

from positive to negative

if level of liquid inside is higher than outside, that means ambient pressure is higher than inside pressure

21
Q

T or F, mRNA processing occurs in prokaryotes

do favorable primers have high or low GC content?location on strands?

what isomers (L or D) are used during ribosomal protein synthesis

A

FALSE

suitable primers have high GC content and GC pairs at 5’ and 3’ ends

L-isomers

22
Q

what organelle is there a lot of in brown adipose tissue?

in the absence of oxygen, what does pyruvate get turned into? where does it not go?

cytochrome c carries how many e- ?

A

mitochondria (for thermogenesis)

in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytoplasm and is not transported to the mitochondria to be converted to acetyl-CoA

1

23
Q

What is Nondisjunction and when does it occur?

what is social reproduction?

what is social stratification?

A

Nondisjunction happens during anaphase, when a pair of homologous chromosomes do not separate before being distributed into two daughter cells

the reproduction of social inequalities throughout generations

refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. In the United States, it is perfectly clear that some groups have greater status, power, and wealth than other group

24
Q

conflict theory perspective emphasizes social relations of _____, ______, and _______ as the driving forces in society.

what is anomie? what does it lead to?

describe spearman’s idea of general intelligence

A

capital, power, and status

anomie refers to a lack of social norms, which leads to a breakdown in the connection between an individual and their community

we have 1 general intelligence (g factor) that could predict our outcomes in varying academic areas

25
Q

what is Thurnstone’s theory of primary mental abilities

what is gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

what is sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

A

7 factor theory

7-9 INDEPENDENT intelligences (knowledge in one doesn’t predict knowledge in the other)

3 independent intelligences that lead to real world success

26
Q

explain galton’s idea of hereditary genius

binet’s idea of mental age

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

A

one would need to have a more detailed account of the intelligence history of the participants’ families.

looks at how a specific child, at a specific age–usually today, now–performs intellectually, compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age, measured in years.

Intrinsic motivation involves doing something because it’s personally rewarding to you. Extrinsic motivation involves doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid punishment.

27
Q

what are the 3 stages of kohlberg’s moral development?

what is socialization?

what are piaget’s stages of cognitive development? what is mnemonic

A
  1. pre-moral
    - obedience vs. punishment (reasoning is based on physical consequences of action)
    - individualism vs. exchange (start to understand that diff. individuals have diff. viewpoints)
  2. conventional
    - good boy & good girl (child is good in order to be seen as good by others)
    - law & order (child becomes aware of judgement, concern, things to uphold law)
  3. post-conventional
    - social contract (higher order thinking)
    - universal ethical principle (people develop own set of moral guidelines)

socialization is a lifelong is a lifelong process through which someone becomes an active participant in their culture

Some People Can Fly

  • 0-2 yrs is sensorimotor (object permanence)
  • 2-7 yrs is preoperational (pretend play, egocentric)
  • 7-11 yrs is concrete operational (conservation, math)
  • 12+ is formal operational (abstract reasoning / moral reasoning)
28
Q

hyper globalist vs skeptical perspective vs transformationalist perspective

master vs. achieved vs. ascribed status

A
  • globalization as a legitimate process. Countries economies become interdependent as the nations states themselves become significantly less important
  • today’s international processes as regionalized rather than globalized. third world countries aren’t being integrated into the global economy with the same benefits as first world countries
  • national governments are changing, see that world order is changing. many factors that influence these changes.
  • ascribed status is something you’re born into and doesn’t change
  • achieved status is earned through own effort, own choice
  • master status is an individuals most important status
29
Q

explain Mead’s 3 stages

explain “I” vs “Me”

explain id vs. ego vs. superego and the gratification they require

A
  1. prepatory stage - imitation
  2. play stage - pretend play (focused on role taking)
  3. game stage - understand ideas of generalized other (society), multiple roles

“I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self, “me” is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment

  • the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, demands immediate gratification
  • the ego is the part that mediates between the desires of the id and the superego (Perceptions, thoughts, and judgments). And it seeks long-term gratification
  • the superego operates as a moral conscience
30
Q

eustress vs distress

what is dispositional attribution?

what is the identity shift effect?

A

eustress is stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer, distress is stress interpreted as being bad for the experiencer

dispositional attribution is internal attribution (e.g. blaming yourself for doing poorly on a test)

when an individual conforms to the norms of a group to avoid rejection

31
Q

primary vs secondary appraisal

gemeinschaft vs. gesellschaft

A

primary is determining if the stressor is beneficial, negative, or irrelevant, secondary is determining how you can cope with it

  • Gemeinschaft: groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to share beliefs, ancestry, geography (ex: families and neighborhoods)
  • Gesellschaft: groups formed because of mutual self interests working towards the same goal (ex: companies and countries)
    • think “mine” (my family), sell (companies)
32
Q

what does battery equal in terms of emf, current, and resistance?

what are the uniform acceleration equations?

what is equation for pressure in a fluid?

A

V = emf - IR

X = X0 + V0(t) + 1/2at^2
V = V0 + at
V^2 = Vo^2 + 2a(deltaX)

P = pgh

33
Q

what is medicalization?

what is the rational choice perspective?

what is life-course approach?

A

the process in which something, usually a behavioral problem (such as, for example, alcoholism), becomes described and treated as a medical condition when it was not previously conceived in that way

assumes that individual behavior will be based on an implicit analysis of the costs and benefits of actions

research perspective that considers how experiences from earlier in life affect outcomes later in life

34
Q

what is role conflict? what is typical example?

what is the humanistic perspective?

what is social facilitation?

A

the stress that people feel when they are confronted with incompatible role expectations across different social statuses they occupy
- situation with job and being a caregiver

an approach to psychology that emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior.

when an individual is tasked with performing a MANAGEABLE TASK IN FRONT OF PEOPLE

35
Q

for protein purification, when 2 proteins have disulfide bonds and everything else is similar, should you do SDS-PAGE with reducing conditions or nonreducing conditions?

ethnicity is classified by ______ and race is classified by _______

how do you calculate steric number?

A

REDUCING conditions

culture; physical characteristics

number of sigma bonds + number of lone pairs

36
Q

what is the self determination theory?

A

three universal needs for one to develop healthy relationships with others: autonomy(self regulation of one’s own behavior), competence (ability to interact efficiently w/ environment), and relatedness (feeling of closeness/belonging to a group)

37
Q

binocular depth cues

monocular depth cues

locus of control

A

uses 2 eyes

  • retinal disparity
  • convergence

uses 1 eye

  • relative size
  • interposition
  • relative height
  • shade/contour
  • motion parallax

the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives

38
Q

symbolic interactionism

how many daltons is one nucleotide?

iconic vs echoic memory? which lasts longer?

A

the view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective understanding, especially the role of language

1 nucleotide = 110 Da

iconic is visual, echoic is auditory
- echoic is longer

39
Q

what is explicit memory? further, what is semantic memory?e episodic?

what is implicit memory? procedural?

what does LiAlH4 do to amides?

A

explicit memory is specific facts/events you can clearly describe

  • remembering simple facts, meaning of words
  • specific events

implicit memory is memory of experiences (e.g. how to ride a bicycle), it isn’t easily describable
- memory for procedures of experience

makes them amines

40
Q

describe the following stereotypes:

  • paternalistic
  • admiration
  • contemptuous
  • envious

james-lange vs. cannon-bard vs. schacter-singer

angular velocity equation

A
  • paternalistic is groups that are looked down upon (housewives, elderly, disabled)
  • admiration is groups viewed w/ pride (in-group, allies)
  • contemptuous is groups viewed w/ resentment (welfare, poor people)
  • envious is groups viewed w/ jealous/mistrust (asians, jews, feminists)
  • james-lange is NS arousal leading to cognitive response, and labeling as an emotion
  • cannon-bard is simultaneous arousal of NS and cognitive response
  • schacter-singer is NS arousal and interpretation of CONTEXT leading to a cognitive response

w = 2pi f

41
Q

SALTY BANANA

explain ego; it is most similar to which type of self?

crystallized vs. fluid intelligence and how they change w/ age

A

SALTY BANANA

ego is most in touch w/ reality; actual self

crystallized accumulates over your life, increases or stays the same w/ age; fluid is ability to reason quickly/abstractly and decreases w/ age

42
Q

what does TLC equal?

what does VC equal?

steroid hormones vs peptide hormones and examples of each

A

TLC = VC + RV

VC = IRV + ERV + TV

steroid hormones are direct and can pass through membrane (cortisol, sex hormones) ; peptide hormones activate second messengers (ADH, insulin, etc.)

43
Q

central vs. peripheral route processing

what is more reactive? DNA or RNA? WHY?

where does the renin/angiotensin system occur?

what hormone causes the endometrium to thicken? what phase?

A

central takes thoughtful consideration of arguments of the message, peripheral is when listener agrees w/ message based on cues from other things (people, objects, etc,)

RNA b/c it has extra OH group

the lungs

estrogen; proliferation phase

44
Q

what are the 2 things that make an effective soap?

T or F, spontaneous heat flow (like a hot drink warming a cup) is reversible

in vitro vs in vivo

A

emulsifying agent (LAH or Na) and a LONG chain fatty acid

FALSE (irreversible)

In vitro means doing a test in a test tube/plate OUTSIDE of an organism; In vivo means doing a test on a living organism

45
Q

functionalism

what is darwin’s theory of emotion?

ghrelin vs leptin vs orexin

A

theoretical framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. It addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions

emotions evolved because they had adaptive value, and that facial expressions of emotion are innate

  • Ghrelin (grrr) stimulates appetite
  • Leptin makes you feel full, suppressing appetite
  • Orexin makes you hungry and wide awake
46
Q

a large or small Ksp means the salt is more soluble?

talk about double bond rigidity and resonance

ego-syntonic vs ego-dystonic

what NT is released to activate peristalsis? is it PNS or CNS for peristalsis?

A

LARGE Ksp

the more resonance structures, the less rigid the bond is

ego-syntonic refers to ideas/behaviors that are acceptable, ego-syntonic refers to ideas/behaviors that are distressing/unacceptable

ACh; PNS

47
Q

optics/mirrors mnemonic

mnemonic for myopia/lenses etc.

mnemonic for pathway of sperm

A 
convex lens/concave mirror - SIR Lancelot In Real LUV
- Left of C = smaller, inverted, real
- b/w C and f = larger, inverted, real
- right of f = larger, upright, virtual
concave lens / convex mirror - SUV
- smaller, upright, virtual

Need More Donuts For Hungry Children

  • nearsightedness, myopia, diverging lens (concave)
  • farsightedness, hyperopia, converging lens (convex)\

SEVE(N) UP
Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferent, ejactulatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis

MCAT (8 decks)

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