Organic Chemistry Flashcards
name the number of carbons for a molecule going from 1C to 12C
methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decade, undecane, dodecane
geminal vs vicinal diols
geminal are 2 hydroxyl groups on the same C, vicinal are 2 hydroxyl groups on adjacent C’s
what are the common names for methanal, ethanal, propanal, and propanone, respectively?
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone
what are the common names for methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid?
formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid
how do you name an ester?
first term is alkyl name of esterifying group (opposite from carbonyl) and second term is name of the parent acid (ENDING IN -OATE not -OIC ACID)
how to name an amide?
“N-“ before any group on the Nitrogen, and suffix changes to -amide
diff. b/w structural isomers and stereoisomers? conformational and configurational isomers?
structural has diff. connectivity while stereoisomers have the same; conformational differ in rotation around a single (sigma) bonds, while configurational can be interconverted ONLY BY BREAKING BONDS
what is n? what is l? what is mL? what is ms?
- n is principal quantum # and is the energy level of e-, basically its saying the size of the atom
- l is azimuthal quantum #, ranging from 0 to n-1; basically it describes sub shells (s,p,d,f = 0,1,2,3)
- mL describes orbitals, ranging from -l to +l
- ms is spin quantum #, +/- 1/2
bonding vs. anti bonding
pi vs. sigma bonds
what is sp3? sp2? sp?
bonding is when signs of wave functions are the same (+ and + or - and -); anti bonding is when they’re opp.
sigma is a single bond, pi bonds are when pi orbitals line up and overlap
sp3 is single bond, sp2 is double, sp is triple
how does nucleophilicity change with:
- charge
- EN
- steric hindrance
- solvent (how do protic solvents affect nucleophilicity)
- charge - increases w/ more negative charge
- EN - decreases w/ increasing EN
- steric hindrance - decreases w/ more hindrance
- solvent - protic solvents hinder nucleophilicity
what are some good reagents in oxidation reactions? what happens in this reaction (generally)
reduction reactions? what happens in this reaction (generally)
how do you name multiple substituents on a benzene?
PCC, CrO3/pyridine, H2CrO4, KMnO4, H2O2, O3, mCPBA, NaIO4 (metals w/ a lot of oxygen)
- increased bonds to oxygen
NaH, CaH2, LiAlH4, NaBH4 (metals w/ a lot of hydrogen)
- increased bonds to hydrogen
o / ortho (1 spot over); m / meta (2 spots over); p / para (3 spots over)
what do mesylates (methylsplfonyl chloride) and tosylates (toluenesulfonic acid) do?
how else can you protect groups?
make OH a good LG; also protect OH to it doesn’t react
using acetals (for primary carbons) or ketals (secondary carbons)
what is a quinone? how do you get it?
describe a hemiacetal and hemiketal, what about acetal and ketal
conjugated (resonance stabilized) ring structure that’s not necessarily aromatic
- react w/ oxidizing agents
occurs from alcohol reacts w/ aldehyde and ketone, respectively
- hemiacetal is R, H, OR, OH and hemiketal is R, R, OR, OH
occurs from reacting another alcohol w/ hemiacetal or hemiketal
- acetal is R H OR OR and ketal is R R OR OR
what is an imine? what can it be tautomerized into?
what is a cyanohydrin?
what is an aldol?
a nitrogen double bonded to a carbon; enamine (double bond AND nitrogen containing group)
- CONDENSATION RXN
R R OH CN
- formed by reacting HCN w/ ketone or aldehyde
compound that has alcohol and aldehyde
what is an enol / enolate? how do you get them?
what is preferred? enol or keto form?
what enolate (more or less sub) will form if a ketone has diff alkyl groups?
enol is double bond and alcohol, enolate is double bond and O-
- get enol by reacting ketone w/ acid, and enolate by reacting ketone w/ base
KETO FORM
MORE SUBSTITUTED ALKENE
