Other

Question 1

! How to improve the quality of qualitative studies?

Answer 1

• Good operationalization

- read back the participants statements and see if they confirm the information is accurate to what they provided

Question 2

! How are cases for case studies selected?

Answer 2

Dependent on the study

flummig men…If for example you are holding interviews for a job, you might choose cases that pertain to the job description in question.

Question 3

! If all social entities are constituted by interaction of individuals, why may it not be advisable to seek to explain all social entities by reference to these individuals’ traits?

Answer 3

Things aren’t always as they appear. The individuals traits aren’t necessarily true..
Naturalism approach isn’t black and white, so it’s hard to be sure of anything.

because it cant be tested scientifically

Question 4

Descriptive vs. normative vs. research ethics

Answer 4

Descriptive: a code of conduct put forward by A GROUP that is accepted as a guide to behavior.

Normative: a code of conduct that all RATIONAL PEOPLE under certain specified conditions would endorse

Research: a code of conduct put forward by a GROUP IN A FIELD OF STUDY

Question 5

! Does the peer review process of scientific journals help increase the quality of science? If so, in what ways?

Answer 5

For us to believe in something we need a general consensus (in agreement), and a consensus demands a group to be the judge of that. Peer review would facilitate this

Question 6

! What is the “trade-off” between internal and external validity?

Answer 6

The more artificial/controlled the environment the more internal validity is created, but that means a decrease in external validity. For example natural study is very externally valid (due to all factors being as they would be in the real world), but here we can not control those same real world (unpredictable) things happening which might affect our study.

Question 7

! What is a null outcome of an experiment?

Answer 7

A result that does not support the hypothesis

Question 8

Mills method of difference (+difficulties)

Answer 8

2 identical systems where everything is constant
-all background variables the same, only changing one thing

(ABCD BCD / xyz wxyz)

difficulties: total control, intervention, observations, assumptions

Question 9

What are qualitative and quantitative definitions of risk?

Answer 9

Qualitative (described in a natural language intertangible with categorical data):

• an UNWANTED EVENT which may or may not occur
• the CAUSE of an unwanted event which may or may not occur

Quantitative (generating numerical data or can be transferred to statistics):

• the PROBABILITY of an unwanted event which may or may not occur
• the STATISTICAL EXPECTATION value of an unwanted event which may or may not occur

Question 10

3 types of normative ethics

Answer 10

Deontology
Consequentialist ethics
Virtue ethics

Question 11

Bayesian statistics

Answer 11

True:
- Can evaluate a large set of competing hypotheses
- The probability of a hypothesis is changed if new
evidence is observed.

False:
- Offers an unambiguous algorithm for assigning prior
probabilities to hypotheses
- Bayes theorem decides whether to accept or reject a single hypothesis.

Question 12

What are stipulative and lexical definitions?

Answer 12

• A stipulative definition assigns meaning to a word, sometimes without regard for common usage
• The lexical definition of a term, also known as the dictionary definition, is the meaning of the term in common usage