Other

Question 1

Ionic

Answer 1

one atom takes an electron from another (metal and non-metal)

Question 2

Covalent

Answer 2

two atoms share electrons (non-metal and nonmetal)

Question 3

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 3

hydrogen forms a bond with N,O or F

Question 4

London Dispersion Forces

Answer 4

forces that hold together non-polar molecules.

Question 5

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Answer 5

Forces that hold together polar molecules, stronger than LDF.

Question 6

Electronegativity – use the values given to determine polar/nonpolar/ionic compounds

Answer 6

0-0.4 nonpolar covalent, 0.5-1.7 polar covalent, 1.7+ ionic

Question 7

Dehydration/condensation synthesis

Answer 7

when Oxygen is taken from one molecule and hydroxide from another, they bond forming water and the two other molecules join together

Reactant 1 (with –OH) + Reactant 2 (with –H) —-> Product + H2O

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

Water (H2O) is the reactant that splits the molecule into smaller subunits.
E.g., sucrose breaks down to fructose and glucose.

Question 9

Neutralizing

Answer 9

a base and an acid combine to create water and a salt

Acid + Base —-> “salt” + H2O

Question 10

Redox

Answer 10

one atom loses an electron to another

“OIL RIG”
Oxidation is losing electrons Reduction is gaining electrons

Question 11

Unique physical properties of water

Answer 11

Known as universal solvent…
water is special due to its
- polarity
- small size
- bent shape
- hydrogen bonds

Question 12

Hydrophobic

Answer 12

non-polar molecules that are not strongly attracted to
water
▪ Not soluble in water

Question 13

Hydrophilic

Answer 13

polar molecules or ions that are strongly attracted to water (form h-bonds)
▪ Very soluble in water

Question 14

Amphipathic

Answer 14

molecule with polar and nonpolar regions

Question 15

How do acids and bases alter pH

Answer 15

When acids or bases are in water, they can either let out Hydrogen ions or Hydroxide ions, making the pH go up or down

Question 16

Describe how buffers work. E.g., carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer

Answer 16

a chemical that compensates for small pH changes by releasing or absorbing H+ or OH– ions
- If too many H+ or OH– ions are in solution, a buffer combines with them so they are no longer in solution
- If too few H+ or OH– ions are in solution, a buffer releases H+ or OH ions in solution

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system functions by either accepting or donating hydrogen ions to maintain the pH within a specific range, ensuring the equilibrium of the solution.

Question 17

Functional groups – formula, structure, & polar/nonpolar/charged

Answer 17

Functional groups are groups of atoms that affect the function of a molecule during chemical reactions, they are covalent bonded to the carbon backbone and usually ionic and strongly polar, making them usually attracted to water.