OT 6000- Test 5- Ch 27

Question 1

Working memory

Answer 1

Temporary storage (aka STP)- neural networks get energized for a short period and fade away

• essential for: reasoning, language, problem solving, mental navigation
• controlled by prefrontal cortex (executive functioning), and temporoparietal cortex (association cortex)

Question 2

Declarative memory

Answer 2

Facts, events, concepts and locations- things that you can explicitly express

• creation is dependent upon repetition (and sleep)
• aka: LTP

Question 3

Stages of declarative memory:

Encoding

Answer 3

Receives information that you make a choice to remember and begins the process by encoding information
-enhanced by paying attention, emotional arousal and linking information with other, already learned information

Question 4

Stages of declarative memory: consolidation

Answer 4

• Stabilizes memory: repeats something you want to remember to start LTP (synaptic remodeling)
• Medial temporal lobe is MOST important part of brain for storing memories
• Sleep is needed because that is when hippocampus does its work

Question 5

Stages of declarative memory: Retrieval

Answer 5

Lateral prefrontal cortex initiates by storing it and then retrieving it when needed

Question 6

Episodic vs. Semantic declarative memory

Answer 6

• Episodic: memories of things we did; specific personal events (dinner with friends)
• Semantic: common knowledge; more informational (building declarative memories about certain facts)

Question 7

Procedural memory

Answer 7

Skills and habits: implicit (not conscious)- able to do without thinking
-Requires practice

Question 8

Stages of procedural memory

Answer 8

• Cognitive- what to do- idea of task (pt having to think through walking after stroke)
• Associative- how to do it: trying to make movement smoother through practice (pt repeating stepping pattern to perfect it)
• Automatic- do it: pt can now walk and multitask (walky-talky test)

Question 9

Areas of brain that build procedural memory

Answer 9

• Learning: frontal cortex, basal ganglia
• Storage: supplementary motor area, basal ganglia
• adjustment to environmental changes: cerebellum, parietal cortex, motor cortex

Question 10

Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

Answer 10

• Anterograde: cannot make new memories. Much more common- usually caused by trauma to medial temporal lobe
• Retrograde: lose old memories

Question 11

Why therapy is useful for anterograde amnesia

Answer 11

Declarative and procedural memory are stored in different areas of the brain, so even though the person will not cognitively remember therapy, they can develop motor procedures you are teaching them

Question 12

Chemicals that affect consciousness

Answer 12

• Serotonin: general level of arousal
• Norepinephrine: attention
• Acetylcholine: selection of object of attention based on goals
• Dopamine: motivation and initiation of activity

Question 13

Where does consciousness and arousal have its roots in the brain?

Answer 13

Reticular formation

Question 14

Divided attention

Answer 14

Ability to switch attention from one thing to another, essentially multi-tasking. No such thing as true divided attention between multiple things at the same time
-AKA: switching attention

Question 15

Selective attention

Answer 15

Ability to attend to important things and ignore distractions

Question 16

Sustained attention

Answer 16

Ability to continue an activity over time (must be meaningful to attend, and rest is important)