OT 6000- Test 5- Ch 26

Question 1

How thalamus directs attention

Answer 1

• Relay nuclei: relays information from the sensory system, basal ganglia and cerebellum
• Association nuclei: thalamus has some loops that connect it to the cortex
• Nonspecific nuclei: help with consciousness, arousal and attention (reticular formation plays with the thalamus to provide arousal)

Question 2

Thalamic lesions

Answer 2

Will result it:

• Loss of contralateral sensation
• Thalamic pain syndrome possible (neuropathic)

Question 3

Lateropulsion

Answer 3

-Contraversive pushing: pt has damage on one side of the brain causes pt to lose input to the contralateral inner ear, which will lose the pull of gravity to that side. They will feel the pull towards side of damage and push they push themselves away from pull of gravity away from side of damage and may fall over.

Question 4

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 4

• Homeostasis: body temperature, metobolic rate, blood pressure
• Survival of the species: eating, reproduction, fight/flight
• Expressing emotion: spinoemotional pathway
• Circadian rhythms: sleep wake cycle

Question 5

Beta-endorphin of hypothalamus

Answer 5

Beta-endorphins are the precursors of opiate compound that is important for pain relief
-if this is chronically active it is bad because it promotes cortisol release which is the stress hormone

Question 6

Visual issues from pituitary tumors (in diencephalon)

Answer 6

Will result in bitemporal hemianopsia (damage cuts off optic chiasm)- lateral visual fields in both eyes cut off

Question 7

Subcortical white matter

Answer 7

• Projection fibers: internal capsules (connects up and down) which have body map organization
• Commissural fibers: corpus callosum- connects left to right
• Association fibers- connect front to back

Question 8

Damage to internal capsule

Answer 8

• Decreased voluntary control (contralateral side)
• Decreased postural control (contralateral)
• Decreased somatosensation (controlateral)
• Possible homonymous hemianopsia (controlateral)

Question 9

Cerebrum vs. Brainstem stroke

Answer 9

• Cerebrum: affects all central neurons- face opposite, body opposite
• Brainstem: affects peripheral neurons of the CN’s, but central neurons for the body (face same side, body opposite)

Question 10

Basal Ganglia motor loop

Answer 10

Selects muscles to activate, creates muscle synergies, sequences movement, regulates muscle force

Question 11

Brodman’s area

Answer 11

Portion of cerebral cortex which holds areas of specialized functions
-Can apply electrodes to specific areas to determine what areas link to what body regions

Question 12

Primary somatosensory cortical area

Answer 12

Allows us to establish characteristics of certain objects; smooth, rough, cylindrical, etc.

• DOES NOT provide meaning, only description
• Damage: leads to loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

Question 13

Primary auditory cortical area

Answer 13

Where we have conscious discrimination of things we hear; pitch, loudness, quality of sound
-If damaged on one side; not deafness on this side, will have loss of localization of sound

Question 14

Primary visual cortical area

Answer 14

Where we begin to characterize what we see; light and dark, size and shape, location (not color)
-if damaged: homonymous hemianopsia- one hemisphere is damaged (one whole side will be blind on both eyes)

Question 15

Primary vestibular cortical area

Answer 15

Discrimination among head positions and head movements- contributes to perception of vertical movement (balance and equilibrium)
-Damage to this area: won’t know how their head is moving and will not know the pull of gravity (likely to show pusher syndrome)

Question 16

Agnosia

Answer 16

Inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discrimination ability with that sense is intact
-Damage to secondary sensory cortices produces agnosia

Question 17

Secondary somatosensory cortical area

Answer 17

Where stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment formed
-damage here causes: astereognosis (cannot get meaning from what you touch)

Question 18

Secondary visual cortical area

Answer 18

Analyzes motion and color and helps give meaning to what you see. Divided into Ventral and Dorsal streams

• Damage to ventral stream this area will have visual agnosia: inability to give meaning to what it is that I see
• Damage to dorsal stream will have optic ataxia: will not be able to reach with precision towards you see

Question 19

Dorsal vs. Ventral visual stream

Answer 19

• Ventral stream: able to perceive, classify ad give name to what we see (give meaning)
• dorsal stream: visual guide moves towards an object of interest

Question 20

Secondary auditory

Answer 20

Where we classify what we hear: auditory association area determines if it is speech or not, if it is it will hand it to Wernicke’s area. If it is not it will assign meaning to sounds
-Damage will cause auditory agnosia: can tell difference between speech and sound, but cannot name specific sounds (only characteristics)

Question 21

Primary motor cortex area

Answer 21

Pre-central gyrus (UMN’s): where we have voluntary controlled and fractionated movement
-Damage to this area: Loss of fine motor control, paresis and spastic dysarthria

Question 22

Flaccid vs Spastic Dysarthria

Answer 22

• Flaccid: soft and not atriculated (LMN)

- Spastic: forced, tight and nasally sounding (UMN)

Question 23

Premotor area

Answer 23

Helps plan movement of core and proximal muscle movement and helps create anticipatory feed-forward movements
-If this area is damaged, will lead to apraxia: a breakdown between concept and performance of movement

Question 24

Supplementary motor area

Answer 24

In motor loop with basal ganglia- helps create sequenced movements and to start movements
-If damaged: perseveration (continue after the need of the task is complete)

Question 25

Broca’s area

Answer 25

Motor programming of speech (usually left hemisphere)

-If damaged: person can think of words but cannot create the motor plan to get words out

Question 26

Inferior frontal gyrus

Answer 26

Creates paraverbal aspects of speech (pitch, intensity, etc.)
-if damaged: issues creating paraverbal portions of speech

Question 27

HPA

Answer 27

Hypothalamus Medulla Adrenal

-Hypothalamus senses threat> sends to pituitary gland> secretes into medulla> medulla releases adrenaline (STRESS!)