Osteoporosis and Bone Disease Flashcards
State 3 characteristics of Bone.
Mechanical - supports muscle attachment. Protective - vital organs and bone marrow. Metabolic - reserve of calcium and phosphate ions.
State 3 types of bone.
Long bone. Short bone. Flat bone. Irregular bone. Sesamoid bone. Sutural bone.
What is the dense outer surface of the bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity?
Cortical/compact bone.
State another name for Trabecular bone.
Cancellous bone/compact bone.
Where is spongy bone located?
At the ends of long bones (epiphyses).
What is meant by bone resorption?
Where steoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. Help in formation of new bone.
What is responsible for bone resorption?
Osteoclasts (large multinucleated bone cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes).
State two bone turnover markers.
Urine - hydroxyproline, C telopeptide of type 1 collagen. Serum - NTX, CTX.
State two bone formation markers.
Serum e.g. osteocalcin.
What is a DEXA scan?
Bone density scan uses densitometry X-ray to measure how much mineral in area.
State a characteristic of osteoporosis.
Skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass. Deterioration of bone tissue.
What is meant by osteopenia?
Bone density between low end of normal range and osteoporosis.
What is meant by a fragility fracture?
Fracture following a fall from a standing height or less.
Why are women at greater risk of osteoporosis?
Decrease in oestrogen production at menopause (accelerates bone loss).
State 2 modifiable risk factors asssociated with low bone structure.
Low body mass index. Alcohol intake. Smoking. Frequent use of glucocorticoids. Vitamin D and calcium homeostasis.
State 2 non-modifiable risk factors associated with low bone strucutre.
Age (older the age, lower the bone density). Gender (women accummulate less peak bone mass and loses more post menopause). Ethnicity (caucasians and asians higher risk).
State 2 diseases associated with low bone mass.
Diabetes. Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (interleukins, steriods). Gastrointestinal diseases (inflammation, intestinal malabsorption). Chronic liver disease (malnutrition, low BMI, cholestasis (stoppage of bile flow)). Chronic kidney disease (renal osteodystrophy - kidney fails to maintain proper levels of calcium in the blood).
State 2 things which effect osteoporosis.
Primary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid hormones effect cortical bone). Post-menopausal.
State 2 investigations for osteoporosis.
Bone profile (blood test that assesses the proteins, minerals and enzymes present in bone that are essential for healthy bone structure and development). Parathyroid hormone. Vitamin D. Renal/liver function. Coeliac screen (as calcium not absorbed).
State 2 ways to treat osteoporosis.
Exercise. Diet - adequate calcium in diet. Pharmacological treatment e.g. biphosphonates - prevent vertebral/non-vertebral hip fractures, HRT - menopausal women, testosterone replacement - hypogonadal men.
State a benefit of vitamin D.
Essential for musculoskeletal health - enables mineralisation of newly formed osteoid tissue.
State 3 non-osteoporosis bone conditions.
Paget’s disease of the bone - disorganized mosaic of new bone formation (bone pain, deformities, fractures). Enzyme deficiencies e.g. hypophosphatasia (heritable rickets), homocysteinuria (autosomal recessive disorder), mucopolysaccharidosis (body is unable to properly breakdown long chains of sugar in body), alkaptonuria (discolouration of urine and connective tissue). Cancer.
