osteoporosis

Question 1

risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 1

Older age
Post-menopausal women
Reduced mobility and activity
Low BMI (under 19 kg/m2)
Low calcium or vitamin D intake
Alcohol and smoking
Personal or family history of fractures
Chronic diseases (e.g., chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis)
Long-term corticosteroids (
Certain medications (e.g., SSRIs, PPIs, antiepileptics and anti-oestrogens)

Question 2

Side effects of bisphosphonates

Answer 2

Reflux and oesophageal erosions
Atypical fractures (e.g., atypical femoral fractures)
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (regular dental checkups are recommended before and during treatment)
Osteonecrosis of the external auditory canal

Question 3

second line for osteoporosis if bisphosphonates not tolerated

Answer 3

denosumab