Osteoporosis Flashcards
What are two systemic categories that contribute to an increased risk for osteoporosis?
Endocrine and malabsorption syndromes.
What are some endocrine disease that increase someone’s risk for osteoporosis?
Menopause
Hypogonadism in men
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease, thyrotoxocosis)
What are some malabsorption syndromes that increase someone’s risk for osteoporosis?
Crohn’s Disease,
Celiac Disease
Conditions like autoimmune diseases and respiratory diseases that require long-term _____ use increase a patient’s risk for developing osteoporosis.
Steroid
What medications put a patient at risk for osteoporosis?
Steroids Anticonvulsants Excess Thyroid Hormone Heparin Antidepressants (SSRI's) Proton Pump Inhibitors Thiazolidinediones
What types of anticonvulsant therapy increase a patient’s risk for developing osteoporosis.
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
What types of neoplasms increase a patient’s risk for developing osteoporosis.
Metastatic cancers, multiple myeloma
What types of aromatase inhibitors increase a patient’s risk for developing osteoporosis.
Anastrozole
Exemestane
Letrozole
What type of anti-adrogen therapy for prostate cancer increase a patient’s risk for developing osteoporosis.
Bicalutamide
Flutamide
Nilutamide
What types of medications prevent/treat osteoporosis?
Calcium Vitamin D Estrogen Bisphosphonates Raloxifene Calcitonin Injected Parathyroid Hormone
Traditional dental radiographs are ____ sensitive enough to detect early osteoporosis.
Not
What should you look for on a dental radiograph for osteoporosis?
Open or more pronounced variation in the trabecular pattern.
What types of foods help with daily intake of calcium?
Dairy, salmon, sardines, dark green leafy vegetables, tofu, almonds
What vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption? What foods contain it?
Vitamin D;
Fortified milk, butter/margarine, egg yolks, salt water fish, liver
Osteoporosis Risks: What three things should patients avoid
- Caffeine
- Phosphorous
- Protein diets
What makes it hard for the body to absorb calcium and increase urinary excretion of calcium? Daily limit?
Caffeine; 2-3 cups of caffeinated beverages per day.
What does consuming phosphorous prevent? What drinks contain phosphorous?
Calcium absorption; sodas, sports drinks
How do protein diets affect bones?
Alter bone health
What are the most predictive risk factors associated with osteoporosis?
Age and weight
What are three other risk factors that are associated with osteoporosis?
- Age at menarche
- Age at menopause
- Duration of menopause
What is the only test that can diagnose osteoporosis before breaking a bone?
Bone Density Test
What does the Bone Density Test estimate?
Density of bones and chances of breaking a bone.
What two parts of the body are used in the bone density test?
Hip and spine
What does DEXA stand for?
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
What is the gold standard for BMD assessment?
DEXA
Advantages of DEXA Scan
- Short scan time
- Low radiation dose
- Superior reproducibility
- High resolution
- Measures both peripheral and central skeleton
- Reports in standard deviations above/below value
Who should get a DEXA scan?
- All postmenopausal women <65 years old who have risk factors
- All women ages 65 and older
- Postmenopausal women with fractures
- Women with one of many medical conditions associated with osteoporosis
- Women whose decision to use meds might be aided by bone density testing.
T Score for normal bone density
> 1.0
T Score for osteopenia
-1.0 to -2.5
T score for osteoporosis
< -2.5
T score for severe osteoporosis
< -2.5 with fracture
What parts of the body are more prone to fracture due to osteoporosis?
Hip, spine, and wrist
The rate of hip fractures is two to three times higher in
Women
The one year mortality following a hip fracture is nearly twice as high for ____
Men
A women’s risk for hip fracture is equal to her combined risk of what three types of cancer?
Breast, uterine and ovarian cancer
Osteoporosis Effects: What two types of fractures are linked to an increased risk for death?
Hip and vertebral fractures
