Osteopathic Principles Flashcards
Name the five principal domains
Physical Cognitive Affective Social Spiritual
What are the eight osteopathic principles?
- the body is a unit
- structure and function are reciprocally related
- the body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms
- the body has the inherent capacity to defend and repair itself.
- disease ensures when normal adaptability is disrupted, or when environmental factors overcome the body’s capacity for self-maintainance.
- movement of body fluids is essential for health
- nerves play a crucial role in movement of body fluids
- somatic components of a disease may be a manifestation and also maintenance of the diseased state (eg. appendix - abdominal wall tenderness)
Give two examples of ‘the body is a unit’
mechanical;
injured knee - abnormal gait - strain on spine
visceral;
lung disease - reduced O2 in blood - reduced tissue perfusion
Finish this sentence; when normal adaptability is disrupted….
or when environmental changes overcome the body’s capacity for self-maintenance, then disease may ensue.
How do the nerves control the movement of body fluids?
the sympathetic n.s. influences movement through vessels via neurological tone in smooth muscle of vessel walls.
Tendonitis may be slower to heal if dysfunction in upper thoracic spine.
What does TART stand for?
Tenderness
Asymmetry
Range of movement altered
Tissue textile abnormalities
Four common causes of somatic dysfunction
microtrauma - daily strain
macrotrauma - injury
inflammation - various sources
poor postural mechanics
SD - skin changes - ACUTE phase (4)
- caused by enhanced sympathetic activity from the hypersensitive spinal cord segments.
hyperaemic boggy/ increase oedema warm moist \+ pain!
SD - skin changes - CHRONIC phase (4)
ischaemic
firm/ flat
cool
dry
What is allodynia?
abnormal sensation of pain to non-noxious stimulus
What is sensitization?
increased response to neurones following repetitive stimulation.
TNF (tumour necrosis factor) seems to be responsible for the sensitization of neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
What is hyperalgesia?
– enhanced pain sensation to noxious stimulus
Definition of somatic dysfunction
Impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic (body framework) system: skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structures, and related vascular, lymphatic, and neural elements
What regulates muscle length?
Spinal nerves innervating the muscle spindles
Examples of pro-inflammatory chemicals due to peripheral injury
- Bradykinin
- Histamine
- Cytokines
- Prostaglandins
What happens when there is Enhanced sympathetic outflow from the hypersensitive spinal cord segments cause?
• Local temperature changes
• Hydration
In addition to the effects of vasoactive peptides:
• Increased blood flow
• Heat
• increased PAIN from the sensitisation peripherally and centrally
SD – skin changes – ACUTE phase
Hyperaemic
Boggy/oedematous
Warm
Moist
SD – skin changes – CHRONIC phase
Ischemic
Firm/flat
Cool
Dry
How can osteopathy help with visceral imbalances?
some inflammatory visceral conditions can cause somatic dysfunction. Osteopathy helps with this.
What somatic imbalances can be helped with osteopathy?
- Circulatory dysfunction
- Metabolic processes/diseases
- Neurological diseases
- Structural deformities
- Behavioural/psychological issues
How can osteopathy reverses pathophysiological changes?
- Alleviates SD
- Restores normal NMS structural & functional relationships
- Decreases nociceptive input
- Improves joint mobility
- Reduces fluid congestion
How is somatic dysfunction diagnosed?
requires at least one of the four cardinal signs (TART)
What does somatic mean in allopathic medicine?
refers to the body structure to differentiate it from the psyche and so include the viscera
What does somatic mean to osteopaths?
refers to neuro-musculo-skeletal structures only
What is vertebral somatic dysfunction?
- hypersensitivity of a spinal segment that can cause altered range and quality of movement,
- altered tissue texture in the surrounding tissues,
- tenderness
How can rotator cuff tendonitis create secondary dysfunction?
Reflex changes can occur in the related spinal segments (for the shoulder, the sensory information enters mainly at C5-C6).
Reflex behaviour will be affected in other tissues with motor control coming from this spinal segment.
How can a hip problem create secondary somatic dysfunction?
The muscle tone will be affected in the affected area.
Altered gait can place more strain on the spine elsewhere.
Dysfunction at other spinal segments can cause altered reflex behaviour in other parts of the spine.
