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AOS > Osteology of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Osteology of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the vert column?

A
  1. Main Axial Support for body
  2. Protection
  3. Flexibility
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2
Q

How does the vert column provide main axial support for body?

A
  • provides attachments for:
  • skull
  • thorax (articulates with ribs)
  • pelvic girdle
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3
Q

How does the vert column provide protection?

A
  • spinal cord sits within vert foramen

- openings between adj vert for passage of spinal nerves

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4
Q

How does the vert column provide flexibility?

A
  • for trunk movements e.g. twisting, bending + carrying loads
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5
Q

What is the spine composed of and why is its arrangement an adv?

A
  • series of bony segments connected by discs + lig.s linked by synovial + secondary cartilaginous joints
  • only small displacements of multiple linkages is necessary for a large overall motion rather than a few highly mobile articulations which would be less stable and flexible.
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6
Q

What helps the spinal cord with movement?

A
  • muscles
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7
Q

Why does vert column have curves?

A
  • allows more stability + flexibility
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8
Q

What type of curve is the primary curve in the foetus and secondary curves in adult?

A
  • primary curve - kyphotic

- secondary curves - lordotic

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9
Q

What are the secondary curves for in the adult and how do they change?

A
  • cervical: holding head up
  • lumbar: walking
  • due to posture + weakening of muscles that support them with age
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10
Q

Name the parts of typical vert

A
  • spinous process
  • lamina
  • pedicle
  • vert foramen
  • sup. + inf articular facets
  • transverse process
  • inf. + sup. notch
  • body
  • post. arch
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11
Q

Where are synovial joints located in a typical vert?

A
  • sup. + inf. articular facets

- post. arch

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12
Q

What is function of inf. + sup. notch?

A
  • where spinal nerves come through when they form a foramen
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13
Q

How is the vert canal formed and what is its function?

A
  • when put vert on top of each other

- where spinal cord, meninges + vessels come through

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14
Q

What is function of vert body?

A
  • supporting longitudinal loads

- takes up to 75% of forces going through vert

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15
Q

What is the int. structure of the vert body and why is it like that?

A
  • outer shell of cortical bone
  • trabeculated internal structure horizontal + vertical - organised to resist stress and therefore add resilience to the structure
    + prevent compression from the side
  • channels between the trabeculae are filled with blood which assists in absorbing the load.
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16
Q

What are the functions of the lamina?

A
  • protects contents of vert column
  • Transmission of force from the articular processes to the body.
  • takes 25% of forces going through vert
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17
Q

Where is the lamina thickest and why?

A

between the superior and inferior facets and this also helps to withstand bending forces.

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18
Q

What happens during osteoporosis?

A
  • trabeculae gets thinner

- more force goes through lamina

19
Q

What is the structure + function of articular process?

A
  • Paired superior and inferior processes bearing synovial joints.
  • permit a limited amount of movement and, as the orientation of the joints changes throughout the column, the range of movement in each region varies.
20
Q

How do the shape of art facets differ in diff vert?

A
  • cervical:
  • flat
  • vertically orientated (allows you to pivot head)
  • thoracic:
  • flat + vert joints - restricts bending but can get rotation
  • lumbar:
  • curvatures which limit rotation
21
Q

What are pedicles and what is their function?

A
  • The connection between the posterior elements and the body of the vertebra.
  • take forces at the joint + from muscle attached to transverse + spinous processes + transmit it onto body - therefore helping to resist unwanted movements and these stout pillars resist bending in any direction.
  • The bodies are designed for weight bearing and therefore cannot resist twisting or sliding forces.
22
Q

What are the functions of the spinous and transverse processes?

A

provide areas for muscle attachment

23
Q

Name the 5 regions of the vert column and how many vert they have

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Coccyx - 2-4
24
Q

What are the features of cervical vertebrae?

A
  • 2 foramina in transverse process for vert artery to supply post. aspect of brain + artery behind
  • facets become more vert as go down which helps stability
  • large foramen to allow entry of brachial plexus
  • bifida in spinous process (C3-C6)
  • uncovert joints in CS-C7 give movement and stability
25
Q

What is function of neurocentral articulation of cervical vert?

A

can provide another area of attachment in younger people

26
Q

What is function of ant. + post. tubercle of cervical vert?

A

for muscle attachment

27
Q

What is unique about C1 + C2?

A
  • no body, art facet instead or spine
  • C1 has facet for dens which fits into C2
  • articulates with occipital condyles
  • C2 has dens which allows pivot movement
28
Q

What is unique about C7?

A
  • Long spinous sprocess = vert prominens

- no bifid

29
Q

What is sig about down pos of C2?

A
  • restricted movement between C2 + C3 compared to C1
30
Q

What is the transverse lig. and its’ function?

A
  • attaches to lat. mass/tubercles across C1

- ensures integrity of joint - prevents dens slipping back into spinal cord

31
Q

What is found between the occipital condyles and lat. mass of C1?

A
  • V. strong synovial joint with strong capsules
32
Q

Where is the weight of the head transmitted?

A
  • through occipital condyles to lat. mass of atlas

- all forces go through synovial joint and then weight transmitted to to bodies of cervical vert

33
Q

Where is location and what is function of art on thoracic vert?

A
  • art on TP + 2 on body on both sides

- where ribs art

34
Q

What happens to art of thoracic vert from T10?

A
  • shifts to middle of body
35
Q

How does the shape of thoracic vert change?

A
  • cup shaped in upper (affects movements of ribs during resp) + flat shaped in lower
  • 1 + 2 backward facing
  • 3 + 4 downward facing
  • 5 to 8 has downward kissing spines and so not much movement
  • 11 + 12 backward facing
36
Q

Where do ribs art?

A
  • through demi facets (1/2 joints)
37
Q

Describe the shape of lumbar vert

A
  • L1 + L1 oval shaped and more rounded

- gets more triangular as you get lower

38
Q

Where does spinal cord end what changes?

A
  • between L1 + L2

- then you get horse’s tail where spinal nerves exit and why shape changes

39
Q

What is unique about lumbar vert?

A
  • no transverse foramina

- no rib art

40
Q

What does sacrum art with?

A

hip bone

41
Q

What is function of ant. pelvic sacral foramina?

A

nerves come here to supply lower limb

42
Q

What is function of interosseous sacroiliac lig.?

A

keeps sacrum in place

43
Q

What type of joint is sacroiliac joint and what is its function?

A
  • synovial but little movement as its meant to be stress relief joint
  • prevents vert column slipping out of the pelvis

AOS (5 decks)

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