Joints & Movements of the Vertebral Column #2

Question 1

What is the ant. longitudinal lig.?

Answer 1

• strong band extending along surfaces of vert bodies + attached to occipital bone extending as far as upper part of sacrum
• starts from foramen magnum

Question 2

What is ant. long. lig. made up of?

Answer 2

long. fibres firmly fixed to intervert disc + margins of vert bodies

Question 3

Where are the diff fibres of ant. long. lig. located?

Answer 3

• deep: extends from 1 vert to next

- superficial: extend over several vert

Question 4

What is function of ligamentum flavum?

Answer 4

permits sep of lamina during flexion but at same time puts brake on it so limits not reached too quickly + so helps to prevent disc from injury

Question 5

What is strucutre of ligamentum flavum?

Answer 5

• mainly elastic tissue
• connects lamina of adj vert extending from art capsules to place where lamina joins spine with only a small gap between lig. of each side

Question 6

How fibres differ in post. long. lig?

Answer 6

• fibres near bone are shorter

- deeper into vert canal

Question 7

What happens to ant. long. lig. + joints in flexion and sig of this?

Answer 7

• slack

- joints further apart so less stable

Question 8

What happens to ant. long. lig. + joints in extension and sig of this?

Answer 8

• stretched

- more stable pos as spinous processes closer together

Question 9

What happens to post. long. lig. + joints in flexion and sig of this?

Answer 9

• stretched

- joints further apart so less stable

Question 10

What happens to post. long. lig. + joints in extension and sig of this?

Answer 10

• slack

- more stable pos as spinous processes closer together

Question 11

How does lig. flavum control rate of movement and why?

Answer 11

• elastic fibres

- so don’t get sudden movement and control how far/apart synovial joints become as its between synovial joints

Question 12

Besides lig. flavum, which other movements control flexion + prevent overflexion?

Answer 12

• interspinous lig.

- supraspinous lig.

Question 13

Where is interspinous lig. found?

Answer 13

between spinous processes

Question 14

What are extrinsic muscles?

Answer 14

attached to another region as well as vert

Question 15

Which muscle of the trunk is extrinsic?

Answer 15

latissumus dorsi

Question 16

Which muscle of the trunk is intrinsic?

Answer 16

erector spinae

Question 17

What is function of latissimus dorsi?

Answer 17

• allow lat. flexion

Question 18

What is function of erector spinae and how does it do this?

Answer 18

allows you to sit + stand, keeps you upright

slow to fatigue

Question 19

Where does psoas major attach and is function?

Answer 19

• from vert column + goes underneath inguinal lig. + attaches to lesser trochanter of femur
• move limb + trunk

Question 20

List the phasic muscles

Answer 20

• rectus abdominis
• transversus abdominis
• int. oblique
• ext. oblique

Question 21

List the post. trunk muscles in the thoracic region and which are extrinsic, intrinsic and deep

Answer 21

• extrinsic:
• trapezius
• lat dorsi
• serratus post.
• intrinsic:
• erector spinae
• deep:
• transvero-spinalis

Question 22

What is trapezius attached to + when is it a muscle of the trunk?

Answer 22

• scapula, clavicle + base of skull, shoulder
• to all vert
• if fix limbs

Question 23

What is lat dorsi attached to and its origin?

Answer 23

• arises from lat. part of back + attached to humerus, scapula
• thoracolumbar fascia

Question 24

List the 3 parts of erector spinae + their attachments

Answer 24

1. Ilio-costalis - ilium to ribs
2. longissimus - fibres stretch over long no. of segments
3. spinalis - attached to spinous process

Question 25

Where does transversospinalis attach + what is its function?

Answer 25

• from TP to TP + SP to SP

- proprioreceptor fibres feedback on what pos back is in + fine-tuning of back

Question 26

What is function of trapezius?

Answer 26

shrug shoulders

Question 27

Where is thoracolumbar fascia attached and its function?

Answer 27

• around ilium, sacrum + spinous processes

- stabilises pelvis + support lower back

Question 28

Where is erector spinae found + what is its function?

Answer 28

• inside thoracolumbar fascia

- as it contracts, pushes against + tenses fascia

Question 29

Which muscles are in contact with thoracolumbar fascia and their effects on it?

Answer 29

• TA
• IO
• gluteus maximus
• lat dorsi
• inc tension of fascia as they contract

Question 30

Which muscles are encased by the fascia + what are their effects on it?

Answer 30

• erector spinae
• multifidus
• have pushing effect on fascia as contraction broadens belly of muscles + inc tension within sheath

Question 31

What also inc tension of fascia?

Answer 31

movements of limbs + back

Question 32

Where is intertransversarius found?

Answer 32

• between TP

- only in lumbar region

Question 33

Where does quadratus lumborum attach + what is its function?

Answer 33

• to iliac crest
• allows platform for contraction of diaphragm in resp
• lat. flexor of trunk
• stabilises 12th rib

Question 34

List the lat. trunk muscles

Answer 34

• QL

- PM

Question 35

How is psoas major important for movement?

Answer 35

• lat. flexion
• contralat. rotation
• inc curv of lumbar vert (lumbar lordosis)

Question 36

How is quadratus lumborum important for movement?

Answer 36

as it contracts, lat. flexes trunk

Question 37

What are the fibres in PM like?

Answer 37

vert + oblique - from rib + ilium to TP

Question 38

What are phasic muscles?

Answer 38

not used all the time but intermittently

Question 39

What happens as RA relaxes?

Answer 39

body falls forwards

Question 40

How do fibres in IO run?

Answer 40

superiomedially

Question 41

What is function of TA?

Answer 41

ensures tone of region

Question 42

How do fibres of EO run?

Answer 42

inferomedially

Question 43

How do the fibres of IO + EO interact?

Answer 43

criss-cross into shape of parabolic curve - important to withstand forces