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OAU Anatomy > Osteology Of Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Osteology Of Lower Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter can occur as a result of?

A

Forceful contraction of the gluteus medius

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2
Q

Greater trochanter is the most medial of the two trochanters? T/F

A

F

Lateral palpable projection

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3
Q

What notable structures are on the greater trochanter?

A

Site of attachment for the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis.

Vastus lateralis originates from it too.

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4
Q

Intertrochanteric line is a ridge of bone connecting the two trochanters anteriorly? T/F

A

T

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5
Q

The intertrochanteric line runs superiolaterally on the anterior surface of the femur? T/F

A

F.

Runs inferiomedially on the anterior surface of the femur.

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6
Q

What forms the pectineal line?

A

The intertrochanteric line passing the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface

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7
Q

At what point does the intertrochanteric line become pectineal line?

A

After it passed the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface

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8
Q

What is the strongest ligament of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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9
Q

Site if attachment for the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Intertrochanteric line

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10
Q

What notable structures are on the lesser trochanter?

A
  • The iliopsoas muscles (iliacus + psoas major muscles) attach to the lesser trochanter.
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11
Q

What notable structures are on the intertrochanteric line?

A
  • Site of attachment of the iliofemoral ligament
  • Anterior attachment of the hip joint capsule
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12
Q

What is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

It is a ridge of bone connecting the two trochanters. It is on the posterior surface of the femur.

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13
Q

What is the quadrate tubercle

A

A tubercle on the superior half of the intertrochanteric crest where the quadratus femoris attaches.

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14
Q

What notable structures are on the intertrochanteric crest?

A
  • Superior half has a tubercle called quadrate tubercle for the attachment of quadratus femoris.
  • Obturator externus muscle attaches to intertrochanteric crest (I think)
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15
Q

Shaft of the femur descends in a slight lateral direction? T/F

A

F.

Slight medial direction

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16
Q

What type of cartilage covers the head of femur?

A

Hyaline cartilage and only in the living

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17
Q

What type of joints are in the hip bone?

A
  • Synovial ball and socket joint between the acetabulum and the head of femur (hip joint)
  • Plane synovial joint between the auricular surface of the ilium and the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
  • 2ry cartilagenous joint between the symphyseal surface of pubis and its fellow of the opposite side (symphysis pubis)
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18
Q

Blood supply of femur

A
  • From a small artery in the ligamentum teres
  • From the blood vessels in the capsule of the hip joint (retinucular vessels) which reflect to the neck (main supply)
  • From ascending branch of the nutrient artery in the shaft
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19
Q

The shaft of the femur is convex anteriorly? T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Posteriorly, the two condyles of the femur fuse together to form an articular surface? T/F?

A

F.

Posteriorly, the two condyles are separated by intercondylar notch which is also separated from the popliteal surface by intercondylar line.

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21
Q

The patella surface is formed by the fusion of the two condyles of the femur anteriorly? T/F

A

T

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22
Q

How can you tell the difference between the medial epicondyle of the femur and the abductor tubercle?

A

The abductor tubercle continues with the medial supracondylar line above it. The medial epicondyle of the femur is a projection on the medial surface of the medial condyle below the abductor tubercle.

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23
Q

Which of the condyles of the femur is the largest?

A

The medial condyle

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24
Q

Which of the condyles of the femur is mainly concerned with body weight transmission?

A

The lateral condyle

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25
Which of the condyles of the femur projects more forward?
The lateral condyle
26
What is the main function of the ligamentum teres?
To carry blood supply to the head of the femur
27
How many muscles insert on the greater trochanter?
5
28
What muscles insert on the greater trochanter?
* *Piriformis* inserts on the upper boarder anteriorly * *Gluteus minimus* inserts on the anterior surface of the greater trochanter * *Obturator internus (and superior and inferior gemellus muscles)* insert into its medial surface * *Gluteus medius* inserts on the ridge of its lateral-posterior surface * *Obturator externus* inserts into the trochanteric fossa
29
What muscles insert & or originate from the lesser trochanter?
Iliopsoas muscles (iliacus & psoas major) insert into the lesser trochanter
30
What structures originate/ inserts on the intertrochanteric line?
* Fibrous capsule of the hip joint attaches * Iliofemoral ligament attaches to the intertrochanteric line * *Superior part of vastus lateralis originates* from the upper end of the intertrochanteric line * *Superior part of vastus medialis originates* from the lower end of the intertrochanteric line
31
Notable structures on the quadratus tubercle
The quadratus femoris originates from the quadratus tubercle
32
Structures on gluteal tuberosity
* Deep ¼ of Gluteus maximus inserts * Lateral border: continued origin of vastus lateralis * Its medial border: attachment of pubic part of adductor magnus muscle
33
Linea aspera gives attachment to how many structures?
9 3 Insertions 3 Origins 3 Intermuscular septa
34
How many structures are on the linea aspera?
9 * 3 Origins: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, short head of the biceps femoris * 3 Insertions: adductor Magnus, adductor Longus, adductor brevis * 3 Intermuscular septa: posterior, medial & lateral Intermuscular septa
35
The medial condyle projects more _____
Downwards
36
The lateral condyle projects more _____
Anteriorly
37
Angle of torsion
Angle between the long axis of upper end and that of lower end. Varies from 0 - 39°
38
________ is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella
39
The patella apex gives attachment to ____
Patellar ligament
40
Base of patella gives attachment to ______
Tendon of insertion of quadriceps (mainly rectus femoris & vastus intermedius)
41
Which of the patellar articular facet is the larger one?
The lateral facet for the articulation of the lateral condyle of the femur
42
The _______ condyle of the radius is larger and more prominent posteriorly
Medial
43
______ has a groove for the insertion of semimembranosus muscle
Medial condyle of tibia
44
How can you tell the right tibia from left?
Right tibia has the fibula facet facing laterally and the medial malleolus facing medially
45
The lateral condyle has an oval condylar facet? T/F
F It's circular, medial is oval.
46
The patellar articulates with the intercondylar emminence of the radius T/F
F The lower ⅓ of the patella is rough and non-articular. The intercondylar emminence articulates with the intercondylar notch of the femur
47
The shaft of radius is divided into ____ borders and _____ surfaces
* 3 borders: anterior, medial & interosseous * 3 surfaces: medial, lateral & posterior
48
The largest nutrient foramen in the bidy is where?
At the posterior surface of the tibia at the upper end of the vertical line
49
The neck of the fibula is related to _____
Laterally to the lateral popliteal (common peroneal) nerve
50
Which of the tarsal bones articulate with the lower end of the tibia?
Talus
51
Which is the uppermost tarsal bone?
Talus
52
Define the Iliotibial tract
It is the thickened band of deep fascia (fascia lata). It is 1-2inches wide lying on the lateral aspect of the thigh
53
Insertion and origin of Iliotibial tract
Origin: Tubercle of iliac crest Insertion: capsule of knee joint, head of fibula, lateral border of patella & anterior part of lateral condyle of tibia
54
Structures on the Iliotibial tract
* *superficial ¾ of Gluteus maximus muscle* attaches posteriorly * *Tensor fascia lata muscle* attaches anteriorly * *Lateral Intermuscular septum* attaches to the deep surface of the Iliotibial tract.
55
Functions of the Iliotibial tract
* Helps prolong/elongate the insertion of gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles downwards to reach below the knee joint. This allows the 2 muscles to act on the hip and knee joints * When the knee is straight, the tract passes in front of the axis of flexion thus keeping the knee in the extended position * When leaning forward with the knee slightly flexed, it acts as the only anti-gravity force which supports the knee * When rising from sitting position, the pull of the Iliotibial tract elongates the gluteus maximus which contracts more forcibly as the movement continues
56
Nerve supply of Iliotibial tract
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
57
What is saphenous opening?
Oval opening in the fascia lata (deep fascia) in the upper part of the anterior thigh.
58
Underlying structures of the saphenous opening
* Femoral artery lies behind the lateral margin of the opening * Femoral vein lies behind the center of the opening * Femoral canal lies behind the medial part of the opening
59
Cribriform fascia
This is the thin layer of perforated fascia that covers the saphenous opening
60
Structures that pass through the saphenous opening
* Superficial inguinal arteries (from the femoral arteries) * Great saphenous vein (to end in the femoral vein) * Lymphatic vessels passing from the superficial inguinal lymph nodes to the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
61
Intermuscular septa originate from?
Deep surface of fascia lata
62
Which of the Intermuscular septa is likely to be absent?
Posterior intermuscular septum
63
The lateral septa originates and inserts where?
* Originates laterally from the Iliotibial tract * Inserts medially to the Linea aspera (extends from the gluteal tuberosity above to the lateral supracondylar ridge below)
64
The strongest Intermuscular septa is?
The lateral intermuscular septum
65
The medial Intermuscular septum extends from _____ down to the _____
From below the lesser trochanter down to the medial supracondylar ridge
66
How many muscles are in the gluteal region?
10
67
Mention all the muscles in the gluteal region
* Tensor fascia lata * Gluteus maximus * Gluteus minimus * Gluteus medius * Piriformis * Obturator externus * Obturator internus * Superior Gemellus * Inferior gemellus * Quadratus femoris
68
The Iliotibial tracts splits into 2 lamellae to enclose which muscle?
Tensor fascia lata muscle
69
Origin and insertion of tensor fascia lata
* Origin: anterior 5cm of the outer lip of iliac crest (just behind ASIS) * Insertion: anterior border of Iliotibial tract
70
Action of tensor fascia lata
* Tensor of fascia lata and Iliotibial tract * Maintain erect position by steadying the pelvis on the head of the femur & steadying the femur on the tibia * Helps abduct the hip * Helps extend the knee
71
Nerve supply of tensor fascia lata
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5 & S1)

OAU Anatomy (6 decks)

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