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OAU Anatomy > Osteology Of Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Osteology Of Lower Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter can occur as a result of?

A

Forceful contraction of the gluteus medius

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2
Q

Greater trochanter is the most medial of the two trochanters? T/F

A

F

Lateral palpable projection

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3
Q

What notable structures are on the greater trochanter?

A

Site of attachment for the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis.

Vastus lateralis originates from it too.

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4
Q

Intertrochanteric line is a ridge of bone connecting the two trochanters anteriorly? T/F

A

T

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5
Q

The intertrochanteric line runs superiolaterally on the anterior surface of the femur? T/F

A

F.

Runs inferiomedially on the anterior surface of the femur.

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6
Q

What forms the pectineal line?

A

The intertrochanteric line passing the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface

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7
Q

At what point does the intertrochanteric line become pectineal line?

A

After it passed the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface

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8
Q

What is the strongest ligament of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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9
Q

Site if attachment for the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Intertrochanteric line

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10
Q

What notable structures are on the lesser trochanter?

A
  • The iliopsoas muscles (iliacus + psoas major muscles) attach to the lesser trochanter.
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11
Q

What notable structures are on the intertrochanteric line?

A
  • Site of attachment of the iliofemoral ligament
  • Anterior attachment of the hip joint capsule
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12
Q

What is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

It is a ridge of bone connecting the two trochanters. It is on the posterior surface of the femur.

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13
Q

What is the quadrate tubercle

A

A tubercle on the superior half of the intertrochanteric crest where the quadratus femoris attaches.

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14
Q

What notable structures are on the intertrochanteric crest?

A
  • Superior half has a tubercle called quadrate tubercle for the attachment of quadratus femoris.
  • Obturator externus muscle attaches to intertrochanteric crest (I think)
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15
Q

Shaft of the femur descends in a slight lateral direction? T/F

A

F.

Slight medial direction

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16
Q

What type of cartilage covers the head of femur?

A

Hyaline cartilage and only in the living

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17
Q

What type of joints are in the hip bone?

A
  • Synovial ball and socket joint between the acetabulum and the head of femur (hip joint)
  • Plane synovial joint between the auricular surface of the ilium and the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
  • 2ry cartilagenous joint between the symphyseal surface of pubis and its fellow of the opposite side (symphysis pubis)
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18
Q

Blood supply of femur

A
  • From a small artery in the ligamentum teres
  • From the blood vessels in the capsule of the hip joint (retinucular vessels) which reflect to the neck (main supply)
  • From ascending branch of the nutrient artery in the shaft
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19
Q

The shaft of the femur is convex anteriorly? T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Posteriorly, the two condyles of the femur fuse together to form an articular surface? T/F?

A

F.

Posteriorly, the two condyles are separated by intercondylar notch which is also separated from the popliteal surface by intercondylar line.

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21
Q

The patella surface is formed by the fusion of the two condyles of the femur anteriorly? T/F

A

T

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22
Q

How can you tell the difference between the medial epicondyle of the femur and the abductor tubercle?

A

The abductor tubercle continues with the medial supracondylar line above it. The medial epicondyle of the femur is a projection on the medial surface of the medial condyle below the abductor tubercle.

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23
Q

Which of the condyles of the femur is the largest?

A

The medial condyle

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24
Q

Which of the condyles of the femur is mainly concerned with body weight transmission?

A

The lateral condyle

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25
Q

Which of the condyles of the femur projects more forward?

A

The lateral condyle

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26
Q

What is the main function of the ligamentum teres?

A

To carry blood supply to the head of the femur

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27
Q

How many muscles insert on the greater trochanter?

A

5

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28
Q

What muscles insert on the greater trochanter?

A
  • Piriformis inserts on the upper boarder anteriorly
  • Gluteus minimus inserts on the anterior surface of the greater trochanter
  • Obturator internus (and superior and inferior gemellus muscles) insert into its medial surface
  • Gluteus medius inserts on the ridge of its lateral-posterior surface
  • Obturator externus inserts into the trochanteric fossa
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29
Q

What muscles insert & or originate from the lesser trochanter?

A

Iliopsoas muscles (iliacus & psoas major) insert into the lesser trochanter

30
Q

What structures originate/ inserts on the intertrochanteric line?

A
  • Fibrous capsule of the hip joint attaches
  • Iliofemoral ligament attaches to the intertrochanteric line
  • Superior part of vastus lateralis originates from the upper end of the intertrochanteric line
  • Superior part of vastus medialis originates from the lower end of the intertrochanteric line
31
Q

Notable structures on the quadratus tubercle

A

The quadratus femoris originates from the quadratus tubercle

32
Q

Structures on gluteal tuberosity

A
  • Deep ¼ of Gluteus maximus inserts
  • Lateral border: continued origin of vastus lateralis
  • Its medial border: attachment of pubic part of adductor magnus muscle
33
Q

Linea aspera gives attachment to how many structures?

A

9

3 Insertions

3 Origins

3 Intermuscular septa

34
Q

How many structures are on the linea aspera?

A

9

  • 3 Origins: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, short head of the biceps femoris
  • 3 Insertions: adductor Magnus, adductor Longus, adductor brevis
  • 3 Intermuscular septa: posterior, medial & lateral Intermuscular septa
35
Q

The medial condyle projects more _____

36
Q

The lateral condyle projects more _____

A

Anteriorly

37
Q

Angle of torsion

A

Angle between the long axis of upper end and that of lower end. Varies from 0 - 39°

38
Q

________ is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

39
Q

The patella apex gives attachment to ____

A

Patellar ligament

40
Q

Base of patella gives attachment to ______

A

Tendon of insertion of quadriceps (mainly rectus femoris & vastus intermedius)

41
Q

Which of the patellar articular facet is the larger one?

A

The lateral facet for the articulation of the lateral condyle of the femur

42
Q

The _______ condyle of the radius is larger and more prominent posteriorly

43
Q

______ has a groove for the insertion of semimembranosus muscle

A

Medial condyle of tibia

44
Q

How can you tell the right tibia from left?

A

Right tibia has the fibula facet facing laterally and the medial malleolus facing medially

45
Q

The lateral condyle has an oval condylar facet? T/F

A

F

It’s circular, medial is oval.

46
Q

The patellar articulates with the intercondylar emminence of the radius T/F

A

F

The lower ⅓ of the patella is rough and non-articular. The intercondylar emminence articulates with the intercondylar notch of the femur

47
Q

The shaft of radius is divided into ____ borders and _____ surfaces

A
  • 3 borders: anterior, medial & interosseous
  • 3 surfaces: medial, lateral & posterior
48
Q

The largest nutrient foramen in the bidy is where?

A

At the posterior surface of the tibia at the upper end of the vertical line

49
Q

The neck of the fibula is related to _____

A

Laterally to the lateral popliteal (common peroneal) nerve

50
Q

Which of the tarsal bones articulate with the lower end of the tibia?

51
Q

Which is the uppermost tarsal bone?

52
Q

Define the Iliotibial tract

A

It is the thickened band of deep fascia (fascia lata). It is 1-2inches wide lying on the lateral aspect of the thigh

53
Q

Insertion and origin of Iliotibial tract

A

Origin: Tubercle of iliac crest

Insertion: capsule of knee joint, head of fibula, lateral border of patella & anterior part of lateral condyle of tibia

54
Q

Structures on the Iliotibial tract

A
  • superficial ¾ of Gluteus maximus muscle attaches posteriorly
  • Tensor fascia lata muscle attaches anteriorly
  • Lateral Intermuscular septum attaches to the deep surface of the Iliotibial tract.
55
Q

Functions of the Iliotibial tract

A
  • Helps prolong/elongate the insertion of gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles downwards to reach below the knee joint. This allows the 2 muscles to act on the hip and knee joints
  • When the knee is straight, the tract passes in front of the axis of flexion thus keeping the knee in the extended position
  • When leaning forward with the knee slightly flexed, it acts as the only anti-gravity force which supports the knee
  • When rising from sitting position, the pull of the Iliotibial tract elongates the gluteus maximus which contracts more forcibly as the movement continues
56
Q

Nerve supply of Iliotibial tract

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

57
Q

What is saphenous opening?

A

Oval opening in the fascia lata (deep fascia) in the upper part of the anterior thigh.

58
Q

Underlying structures of the saphenous opening

A
  • Femoral artery lies behind the lateral margin of the opening
  • Femoral vein lies behind the center of the opening
  • Femoral canal lies behind the medial part of the opening
59
Q

Cribriform fascia

A

This is the thin layer of perforated fascia that covers the saphenous opening

60
Q

Structures that pass through the saphenous opening

A
  • Superficial inguinal arteries (from the femoral arteries)
  • Great saphenous vein (to end in the femoral vein)
  • Lymphatic vessels passing from the superficial inguinal lymph nodes to the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
61
Q

Intermuscular septa originate from?

A

Deep surface of fascia lata

62
Q

Which of the Intermuscular septa is likely to be absent?

A

Posterior intermuscular septum

63
Q

The lateral septa originates and inserts where?

A
  • Originates laterally from the Iliotibial tract
  • Inserts medially to the Linea aspera (extends from the gluteal tuberosity above to the lateral supracondylar ridge below)
64
Q

The strongest Intermuscular septa is?

A

The lateral intermuscular septum

65
Q

The medial Intermuscular septum extends from _____ down to the _____

A

From below the lesser trochanter down to the medial supracondylar ridge

66
Q

How many muscles are in the gluteal region?

67
Q

Mention all the muscles in the gluteal region

A
  • Tensor fascia lata
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator externus
  • Obturator internus
  • Superior Gemellus
  • Inferior gemellus
  • Quadratus femoris
68
Q

The Iliotibial tracts splits into 2 lamellae to enclose which muscle?

A

Tensor fascia lata muscle

69
Q

Origin and insertion of tensor fascia lata

A
  • Origin: anterior 5cm of the outer lip of iliac crest (just behind ASIS)
  • Insertion: anterior border of Iliotibial tract
70
Q

Action of tensor fascia lata

A
  • Tensor of fascia lata and Iliotibial tract
  • Maintain erect position by steadying the pelvis on the head of the femur & steadying the femur on the tibia
  • Helps abduct the hip
  • Helps extend the knee
71
Q

Nerve supply of tensor fascia lata

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5 & S1)

OAU Anatomy (6 decks)

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