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CBS602 LL 2: Leg, Ankle and Foot > Osteology, Joints & Ligaments of the Leg, Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Osteology, Joints & Ligaments of the Leg, Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the tibia?

A

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the leg.

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2
Q

What is the function of the fibula?

A

The fibula is non-weight-bearing and serves mainly as a site for muscle attachment.

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3
Q

What are the two joints between the tibia and fibula?

A

The proximal tibiofibular joint (plane synovial) and the distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis fibrous joint).

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4
Q

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

It is a plane synovial joint.

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5
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

It is a syndesmosis (fibrous joint).

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6
Q

What is the role of the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula?

A

It is a syndesmosis that stabilizes the two bones and provides attachment for muscles.

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7
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the tibia?

A

The medial malleolus, anterior border, and interosseous border.

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8
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the fibula?

A

The lateral malleolus, anterior border, and neck.

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9
Q

What is the function of the lateral malleolus?

A

The lateral malleolus provides lateral support to the ankle joint.

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10
Q

What is the function of the medial malleolus?

A

The medial malleolus provides medial support to the ankle joint.

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11
Q

What are the three bones that compose the hip bones, and where do they fuse?

A

The three bones are the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and they fuse at the acetabulum.

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral: Sartorius; Medial: Adductor longus; Superior: Inguinal ligament; Roof: Fascia lata; Floor: Iliopsoas & pectineus.

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13
Q

What are the three main regions of the foot?

A

Hindfoot, Midfoot, and Forefoot.

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14
Q

What bones are included in the hindfoot?

A

Talus and Calcaneus.

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15
Q

What bones are part of the midfoot?

A

Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, and Cuboid.

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16
Q

What bones are found in the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals and Phalanges.

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17
Q

What mnemonic can help remember the tarsal bones?

A

Tiger Cubs Need MILC (Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid).

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18
Q

How many metatarsals are there in the foot?

A

There are 5 metatarsals (numbered 1 to 5 from medial to lateral).

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19
Q

How many phalanges are in each toe?

A

The big toe has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal), while each of the other toes has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal).

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20
Q

What are the sesamoid bones?

A

They are small bones located in the tendons of the flexor muscles, commonly found under the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

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21
Q

What are the names of the cuneiform bones in the foot?

A

Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, and Lateral cuneiform.

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22
Q

Which bone is commonly referred to as the heel bone?

A

The calcaneus.

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23
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint.

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24
Q

What movements are allowed at the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

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25
Q

Which part of the talus is wider, and how does this affect stability?

A

The anterior part of the talus is wider, making the joint most stable in dorsiflexion.

26
Q

Which bones articulate to form the ankle joint?

A

The trochlear of the talus articulates with the medial and lateral malleoli.

27
Q

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

28
Q

What is the deltoid ligament, and where does it attach?

A

The deltoid ligament is a strong medial ligament with 4 parts that attach to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones.

29
Q

Name the four parts of the deltoid ligament.

A

Anterior tibiotalar part
Posterior tibiotalar part
Tibiocalcaneal part
Tibionavicular part

30
Q

What are the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments?

A

These ligaments provide additional stability to the ankle joint:

Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior tibiofibular ligament

31
Q

What is the role of the fibular retinaculum?

A

The fibular retinaculum helps to stabilize the tendons of the fibularis muscles around the ankle.

32
Q

What are the spring and plantar ligaments associated with the ankle?

A

-Spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular ligament) supports the medial arch of the foot.

-Long plantar ligament and short plantar ligament provide support to the lateral aspect of the foot.

33
Q

What are the types of joints found in the foot?

A
  • Intertarsal joints
  • Subtalar joint
  • Talocalcaneonavicular (TCN) joint
  • Calcaneocuboid joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joints
  • Metatarsophalangeal joints
  • Interphalangeal joints
34
Q

Which bones articulate in the subtalar joint, and what movements does it allow?

A

The subtalar joint articulates between the talus and calcaneus and allows inversion and eversion movements.

35
Q

Describe the talocalcaneonavicular (TCN) joint and its characteristics.

A

The TCN joint is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint formed by the talus, calcaneus, and navicular. It allows gliding and rotation movements.

36
Q

Which bones are involved in the calcaneocuboid joint, and what movements does it allow?

A

The calcaneocuboid joint involves the calcaneus and cuboid bones and allows inversion and eversion movements.

37
Q

What is the purpose of the tarsometatarsal joints?

A

The tarsometatarsal joints connect the cuboid, cuneiforms, and metatarsals, allowing slight movement between the tarsal and metatarsal bones.

38
Q

What movements do the metatarsophalangeal joints facilitate?

A

The metatarsophalangeal joints allow for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes.

39
Q

What are the interphalangeal joints, and what movements do they permit?

A

The interphalangeal joints are hinge joints between the phalanges of the toes, allowing flexion and extension movements.

40
Q

What movements are primarily associated with inversion and eversion of the foot?

A

Inversion brings the sole of the foot inward, while eversion moves the sole outward.

41
Q

How do the intertarsal joints contribute to foot mobility?

A

The intertarsal joints allow for slight movements between the tarsal bones, contributing to the overall flexibility and adaptability of the foot.

42
Q

What is the significance of the calcaneocuboid joint in relation to foot mechanics?

A

The calcaneocuboid joint plays a critical role in maintaining the lateral stability of the foot during weight-bearing activities.

43
Q

What are the three main arches of the foot?

A
  • Medial longitudinal arch
  • Lateral longitudinal arch
  • Transverse arch
44
Q

What are the primary functions of the arches in the foot?

A

The arches act as shock absorbers and springs, providing flexibility and aiding in weight distribution during movement.

45
Q

Which structures support the arches of the foot?

A

The arches are supported by bones, ligaments, and muscles.

46
Q

Describe the medial longitudinal arch and its importance.

A

The medial longitudinal arch is the highest and most important arch, formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals. It absorbs the majority of the shock during walking.

47
Q

What is the lateral longitudinal arch, and how does it differ from the medial arch?

A

The lateral longitudinal arch is lower and flatter compared to the medial arch. It provides stability and balance, formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals.

48
Q

What is the transverse arch, and where is it located?

A

The transverse arch runs across the midfoot, formed by the cuboid, cuneiforms, and the bases of the metatarsals. It helps maintain the shape of the foot and supports the body’s weight.

49
Q

Which muscles play a role in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Muscles like the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and flexor hallucis longus contribute to maintaining the medial longitudinal arch.

50
Q

What is the clinical significance of collapsed arches, or flat feet (pes planus)?

A

Flat feet occur when the medial longitudinal arch collapses, leading to improper weight distribution, potential discomfort, and increased strain on the ankles and knees.

51
Q

What muscles provide dynamic support to the longitudinal arches of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Intrinsic foot muscles

52
Q

What provides passive support to the longitudinal arches?

A
  • Long and short plantar ligaments
  • Spring ligament
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • The shape of the bones in the foot
53
Q

Which muscles provide dynamic support to the transverse arch of the foot?

A
  • Fibularis longus
  • Tibialis posterior
54
Q

What provides passive support to the transverse arch of the foot?

A
  • Wedge-shaped metatarsals
  • Cuneiform and cuboid bones
  • Ligaments above the arch
  • Transverse metatarsal ligament
55
Q

What are the two types of support for the arches of the foot?

A

Dynamic support provided by muscles
Passive support provided by ligaments, bones, and aponeurosis

56
Q

What is Pes Planus?

A

Pes Planus is a condition characterized by flat feet, caused by the loss of the longitudinal arches.

57
Q

Is Pes Planus normal in children? If so, at what age?

A

Yes, it is normal in children under 2-3 years old.

58
Q

What are the potential causes of Pes Planus?

A

Hereditary factors
Acquired causes, such as trauma or ligament laxity
Tibialis posterior dysfunction
It can also be idiopathic (unknown cause)

59
Q

What is Pes Cavus?

A

Pes Cavus refers to a condition where there is a high medial longitudinal arch, leading to a reduced ability to absorb shock.

60
Q

What are the potential causes of Pes Cavus?

A

Hereditary factors: Acquired causes, such as certain neurological disorders
Idiopathic causes A specific example is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

CBS602 LL 2: Leg, Ankle and Foot (3 decks)

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