Muscles of the Leg, Ankle and Foot Flashcards
What are the primary movements of the ankle joint?
The ankle joint allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?
Dorsiflexion is the movement where the foot moves upward towards the shin, decreasing the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.
What is plantarflexion of the ankle?
Plantarflexion is the movement where the foot moves downward, increasing the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.
Which movements occur at the subtalar joint of the ankle?
The subtalar joint allows for inversion and eversion of the foot.
What is inversion?
Inversion is the movement where the sole of the foot turns inward towards the midline.
What is eversion?
Eversion is the movement where the sole of the foot turns outward, away from the midline.
What movements occur at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the foot?
The foot allows for flexion and extension at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
What is flexion of the foot?
Flexion is the bending movement where the toes move downward, decreasing the angle between the phalanges and metatarsals.
What is extension of the foot?
Extension is the movement where the toes are straightened, increasing the angle between the phalanges and metatarsals.
What is abduction of the foot?
Abduction is the movement of the toes away from the midline of the foot.
Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
The superficial layer includes the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris.
Which muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
The deep layer includes the popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.
What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
The tibial nerve.
Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?
The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and fibularis (peroneus) tertius.
What nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
The deep fibular nerve.
Which muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg?
The lateral compartment includes the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis.
What nerve innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
The superficial fibular nerve.
Which muscles are found in the 1st layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
The 1st layer includes abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi.
Which muscles are found in the 2nd layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
The 2nd layer includes quadratus plantae and lumbricals.
Which muscles are found in the 3rd layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
The 3rd layer includes flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi brevis.
Which muscles are found in the 4th layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
The 4th layer includes plantar interossei and dorsal interossei.
Which muscles are found in the dorsal aspect of the foot?
The dorsal aspect includes extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis.
What is the deep fascia of the leg called, and with what is it continuous?
The deep fascia of the leg is called the crural fascia, and it is continuous with the fascia lata.
What does the interosseous membrane separate in the leg?
The interosseous membrane separates the anterior compartment from the posterior compartment.
What does the anterior intermuscular septum separate?
The anterior intermuscular septum separates the anterior compartment from the lateral compartment.
What does the posterior intermuscular septum separate?
The posterior intermuscular septum separates the lateral compartment from the posterior compartment.
What does the transverse intermuscular septum separate?
The transverse intermuscular septum separates the superficial posterior compartment from the deep posterior compartment.
What are the two primary retinacula on the medial side of the ankle?
The flexor retinaculum and the structures associated with it, such as tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.
What are the primary retinacula on the lateral side of the ankle?
The fibular (peroneal) retinacula, which stabilize the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis tendons.
Which retinaculum covers the tendons of tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus?
The extensor retinaculum, which is continuous with the deep fascia of the leg.
Which muscles pass through the fibular (peroneal) retinacula?
The fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles.
Which retinaculum helps contain fibularis tertius and extensor digitorum longus tendons?
The extensor retinaculum.
What forms the roof of the tarsal tunnel?
The flexor retinaculum.
What is the function of the tarsal tunnel?
It provides a passage for structures to travel from the posterior leg to the foot.
What is the function of the tarsal tunnel?
It provides a passage for structures to travel from the posterior leg to the foot.
List the contents of the tarsal tunnel in order from anterior to posterior.
Tom: Tibialis posterior
Dick: Flexor digitorum longus
And: Posterior tibial artery
Very: Posterior tibial vein
Nervous: Tibial nerve
Harry: Flexor hallucis longus
Which nerve passes through the tarsal tunnel?
The tibial nerve.
What condition can occur when there is compression of the tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel?
Tarsal tunnel syndrome.
What is the origin and insertion of the Extensor Digitorum Longus?
Origin: Fibula & lateral tibial condyle
Insertion: Middle & distal phalanges of lateral four toes (via dorsal expansion)
What action does the Extensor Digitorum Longus perform?
Ankle dorsiflexion and extension of the lateral four toes.
What is the origin and insertion of the Tibialis Anterior?
Origin: Tibia & interosseous membrane
Insertion: Medial cuneiform & base of 1st metatarsal
What actions does the Tibialis Anterior perform?
Ankle dorsiflexion and foot inversion.
What is the origin and insertion of the Fibularis Tertius?
Origin: Distal fibula
Insertion: Base of 5th metatarsal
What actions does the Fibularis Tertius perform?
Ankle dorsiflexion and foot eversion.
What is the origin and insertion of the Extensor Hallucis Longus?
Origin: Fibula & interosseous membrane
Insertion: Distal phalanx of the great toe
What action does the Extensor Hallucis Longus perform?
Ankle dorsiflexion and extension of the great toe.
What nerve innervates all the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
The deep fibular nerve.
What is the origin and insertion of the Fibularis Longus?
Origin: Fibular head and superior 2/3 of fibula
Insertion: Base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform
What is the origin and insertion of the Fibularis Brevis?
Origin: Inferior 2/3 of fibula
Insertion: Base of 5th metatarsal
What are the common actions of the Fibularis Longus and Fibularis Brevis?
Foot eversion
Weak ankle plantarflexion
Help support the arches of the foot
What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
The superficial fibular nerve.
What structure holds down the fibularis tendons?
The fibular retinaculum.
What is the insertion point of the Abductor Digiti Minimi?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
What actions does the Abductor Digiti Minimi perform?
Abduction and flexion of the little toe.
Which nerve innervates the Abductor Digiti Minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve.
What is the insertion point of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis?
Middle phalanges of the lateral four toes.
What action does the Flexor Digitorum Brevis perform?
Flexion of the lateral four toes at the PIP joints.
Which nerve innervates the Flexor Digitorum Brevis?
Medial plantar nerve.
What is the insertion point of the Abductor Hallucis?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
What actions does the Abductor Hallucis perform?
Abduction and flexion of the great toe.
Which nerve innervates the Abductor Hallucis?
Medial plantar nerve.
What is the origin of the Lumbricals in the foot?
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
Where do the Lumbricals insert?
Extensor hoods of the lateral four toes.
What are the actions of the Lumbricals?
Flexion of the MTP joints and extension of the IP joints.
Which nerves innervate the Lumbricals?
Medial plantar nerve for the 1st lumbrical, and lateral plantar nerve for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbricals.
What is the insertion point of the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
What action does the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis perform?
Flexion of the little toe.
Which nerve innervates the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis?
Lateral plantar nerve.
What is the insertion point of the Adductor Hallucis?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
What action does the Adductor Hallucis perform?
Adduction of the great toe.
Which nerve innervates the Adductor Hallucis?
Lateral plantar nerve.
What is the insertion point of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe (with sesamoid bones within its tendons).
What action does the Flexor Hallucis Brevis perform?
Flexion of the great toe.
Which nerve innervates the Flexor Hallucis Brevis?
Medial plantar nerve.
What are the two heads of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis?
The transverse head and the oblique head.
What is the origin of the Interossei muscles in the foot?
Metatarsals
Where do the Interossei muscles insert?
Base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion.
What is the action of the Plantar Interossei (PAD)?
Adduction of the toes toward the 2nd digit.
What is the action of the Dorsal Interossei (DAB)?
Abduction of the toes away from the 2nd digit.
Which nerve innervates the Interossei muscles?
Lateral plantar nerve.
What is the common innervation of the muscles on the dorsal aspect of the foot?
Deep fibular nerve.
Where does the Extensor Hallucis Longus insert?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
What action does the Extensor Hallucis Longus perform?
Extension of the great toe.
Where does the Extensor Hallucis Brevis insert?
Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe (similar to extensor hallucis longus).
Where does the Extensor Digitorum Brevis insert?
Tendons of extensor digitorum longus (EDL).
What is the action of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis?
Assists the extensor digitorum longus in the extension of digits 2 to 4.
What tendons are visible on the dorsal aspect of the foot related to the extension of the toes?
Extensor Digitorum Longus tendons and extensor expansion.
