Osteology & Arthrology

Question 1

osteology

Answer 1

The scientific study of bones.

Question 2

arthrology

Answer 2

The science concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints.

Question 3

functions of the skeleton

Answer 3

• supporting framework for the body
• attachment points for muscles (lever system for movement)
• protection for vital organs
• blood cell formation – red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets; bone is richly supplied with blood vessels.
• mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus

Question 4

building block of a bone

Answer 4

• calcium carbonate
• calcium phosphate
• collagen fibers
• water

• Collagen (protein) is the main organic constituent of connective tissue.

Question 5

bone tissue composition

Answer 5

• Composed of widely separated cells, called osteocytes, surrounded by matrix.
• The matrix is about 25% water, 25% protein, and 50% mineral salts.

Question 6

epiphyseal plate

Answer 6

• Layer of cartilage where longitudinal growth of a bone occurs.
• The proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone.

Question 7

bones of physically active individuals

Answer 7

• Tend to be denser and therefore more mineralized than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender.

Question 8

five categories of bones

Answer 8

• Long bones: longer than they are wide
• Short bones: wider than they are long
• Flat bones: flat and broad surface
• Sesamoid bones: small bones that forms in tendon (e.g. patella)
• Irregular bones: bones that do not fit in any categories; more complex shapes

Question 9

articulation of vertebrae

Answer 9

• Articulate with facets on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint) and intervertebral discs between the vertebrates (cartilaginous joint).
• Intervertebral discs function as shock absorbers and allow slight movement.

Question 10

Scoliosis

Answer 10

• An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column.

Question 11

Kyphosis “hump back”

Answer 11

• An exaggerated posterior thoracic curve.

Question 12

Lordosis “sway back”

Answer 12

• An exaggerated anterior lumbar curve.

Question 13

three classification of joints

Answer 13

• Fibrous joint - immoveable
• Fibrous joint - immoveable
• Synovial joint - freely moveable

Question 14

two functions of synovial fluid

Answer 14

a) Lubricates the joint surfaces to reduce friction.

b) Supplies nutrients to, and removes waste products from the cartilage cells (which have no direct blood supply).

Question 15

ligament

Answer 15

• Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together.

Question 16

tendon

Answer 16

• Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone.

Question 17

bursa

Answer 17

• A small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints. (mostly located between tendons and bone)

Question 18

reference planes

Answer 18

• Frontal plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
• Sagittal plane – divides the body into right and left sides
• Transverse plane – divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Question 19

six sets of joint movements

Answer 19

1. Flexion, extension
2. Abduction, adduction
3. Rotation - inward (medial) rotation; outward (lateral) rotation
4. Supination, pronation
5. Elevation, depression
6. Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion

Question 20

sprain

Answer 20

• Overstretching of ligaments.
1st degree: fibers ares stretched
2nd degree: partial tear of ligament
3rd degree: rupture of the ligament

Question 21

dislocation

Answer 21

• Bones are displaced.
• Ligaments are sprained, may even be torn.
• Blood vessels often ruptured and possible nerve damage.

Question 22

subluxation

Answer 22

• Partial dislocation.

Question 23

bursitis

Answer 23

• Inflamed bursae; result of injury, exercise, or infection.

Question 24

four structural limits to flexibility

Answer 24

1. Bony structure of the joint - can’t be changed by a flexibility program
2. Ligaments
3. Joint capsules
4. Muscle-tendon unit - muscle and its fascial sheaths (the major focus of stretching exercises is the elongation of these tissues)