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Spinal Anatomy Exam 1 > Osteology and Skeleton > Flashcards

Osteology and Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?

A

Epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

Osteoblasts- form bone
Osteocytes- maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclasts- remodel bone

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3
Q

What is the primary constituent of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen Type I

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5
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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7
Q

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be describes as “living”?

A

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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8
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

Mesenchyme or cartilage

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9
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

From the second to third month in utero

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11
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

From the second to fifth month in utero

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12
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocranium

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13
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The clavicle

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14
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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15
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinuses or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

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16
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?

A

Heterotopic bone and accessory bone

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17
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

Heterotopic bone

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18
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

Accessory bone

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19
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

It is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

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20
Q

What are the names given to parts of a long bone?

A

The diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

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21
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

They are essentially cuboidal

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22
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

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23
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

The parietal bone and sternum

24
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal

25
Q

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

The bone develops within a tendon

26
Q

What are the consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella and pisiform

27
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart and ligaments

28
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

29
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets

30
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

During and after puberty

31
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

A

The line, ridge, and crest

32
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus

33
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

Spine and process

34
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

Linear and rounded depressions

35
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

Notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

36
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

The fovea and fossa

37
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of the bone?

A

Ostium or orifice and hiatus

38
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

Foramen or canal

39
Q

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

40
Q

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

41
Q

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

Meatus

42
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fissure?

A

An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

43
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

Flat facets and rounded facets

44
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

Articular heads and articular condyles

45
Q

How many bones form the typical adult skeleton?

A

206 bones

46
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

47
Q

How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

48
Q

How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

49
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

A

28 bones

50
Q

What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?

A

The frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid

51
Q

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

A

8 bones

52
Q

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

A

14 bones

53
Q

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

A

The spine

54
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

A

24 bones

55
Q

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

A

1 bone

56
Q

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

A

The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process

57
Q

How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

A

12 pair or 24 ribs

Spinal Anatomy Exam 1 (4 decks)

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