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Spinal Anatomy Exam 1 > Arthrology > Flashcards

Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?

A

Syndesmology

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2
Q

What are the three histological classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

They are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

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4
Q

What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

Costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

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6
Q

Which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?

A

Symphysis menti

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7
Q

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?

A

Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

A

Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

A

Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

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11
Q

What is the function of type IV articular receptors?

A

Nociceptive, they monitor pain

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12
Q

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

Accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

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13
Q

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

1) Synovial villi
2) Articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3) Synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

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14
Q

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar zygapophyses

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15
Q

Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples?

A

Temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and radio-ulnar joints

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16
Q

Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?

A

Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

17
Q

What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?

A

Are phagocytic

18
Q

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

A

Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

19
Q

Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?

A

Type II

20
Q

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

Form a network for water retention

21
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

22
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

23
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

Weeping theory

24
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies an absorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

A

Boundary theory

25
Q

Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

Hyaluronate

26
Q

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

27
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

A

Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

28
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?

A

Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

29
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?

A

(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

30
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?

A

Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint

31
Q

What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

A

Median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint

32
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?

A

Temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee

33
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

A

Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

34
Q

What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?

A

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

35
Q

What are the examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?

A

Femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder

36
Q

What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

Lubricin

37
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial increases viscosity of the remaining fluid?

A

Boosted Theory

Spinal Anatomy Exam 1 (4 decks)

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